不便外发的段落："迪拜 / Dubai”

The Dubai Police Force, founded in 1956 in the locality of Naif, has law enforcement jurisdiction over the emirate. The force is under direct command of Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum.[82] Dubai and Ras al Khaimah are the only emirates that do not conform to the federal judicial system of the United Arab Emirates.[83] The emirate's judicial courts comprise the Court of First Instance, the Court of Appeal, and the Court of Cassation. The Court of First Instance consists of the Civil Court, which hears all civil claims; the Criminal Court, which hears claims originating from police complaints; and Sharia Court, which is responsible for matters between Muslims. Non-Muslims do not appear before the Sharia Court. The Court of Cassation is the supreme court of the emirate and hears disputes on matters of law only.[84]
【参考译文】迪拜警察部队成立于1956年，地点在纳伊夫地区，对酋长国拥有执法管辖权。该部队直接隶属于穆罕默德·本·拉希德·阿勒马克图姆的指挥。[82] 迪拜和拉斯海马是阿拉伯联合酋长国内唯二不遵循联邦司法系统的酋长国。[83] 酋长国的司法法院体系包括初审法院、上诉法院和终审法院。初审法院由民事法院、刑事法院和伊斯兰教法法院组成。民事法院负责审理所有民事诉讼；刑事法院处理源自警方投诉的案件；伊斯兰教法法院负责处理穆斯林之间的事务。非穆斯林不会出现在伊斯兰教法法院。终审法院是酋长国的最高法院，仅审理法律问题上的争议。[84]

Alcohol sale and consumption, though legal, is regulated. Adult non-Muslims are allowed to consume alcohol in licensed venues, typically within hotels, or at home with the possession of an alcohol licence. Places other than hotels, clubs, and specially designated areas are typically not permitted to sell alcohol.[85] As in other parts of the world, drinking and driving is illegal, with 21 being the legal drinking age in the Emirate of Dubai.[86]
【参考译文】虽然酒精销售和消费在法律上是允许的，但受到管制。成年非穆斯林只允许在持照场所，通常是酒店内，或持有酒精许可证的情况下在家中饮酒。除酒店、俱乐部和特别指定区域外，其他地方通常不允许销售酒精。[85]与世界其他地区一样，酒后驾驶是非法的，迪拜酋长国的法定饮酒年龄为21岁。[86]

Dubai has one of the world's lowest violent crime rates,[87] and in 2019 was ranked the seventh-safest city in the world.[88][89][90] The Security Industry Regulatory Agency classified the crimes into six categories.[91] These crimes include theft, forced robbery, domestic burglary, fraud, sexual assault and abuse, and criminal damages.[91] As per Gulf News, Dubai Police stated that the crime in Dubai was reduced by fifteen percent during 2017. However, the cases of drugs operation increased by eight per cent. Major-General Abdullah Khalifa Al Merri, Commander-in-Chief of Dubai Police, hailed the force which solved 86 per cent of criminal cases.[92]
【参考译文】迪拜拥有世界上最低的暴力犯罪率之一，[87]并在2019年被评为全球第七安全的城市。[88][89][90]安全行业监管局将犯罪分为六大类别。[91]这些犯罪包括盗窃、强行抢劫、入室盗窃、欺诈、性侵犯和虐待，以及刑事损害。[91]据《海湾新闻》报道，迪拜警方表示，2017年迪拜的犯罪率下降了15%。然而，毒品案件增加了8%。迪拜警察总司令阿卜杜拉·哈利法·阿尔梅里少将赞扬了该力量解决了86%的刑事案件。[92]

正文5. 执法与犯罪 | Law enforcement and crime

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5.1 国际犯罪枢纽和犯罪分子避风港 | International crime hub and criminal haven

Dubai is a notorious global centre and sanctuary for money launderers, drug lords, corrupt political figures and sanctioned businessmen.[93] It has been called a 'gangster's paradise'.[94] This includes money laundering by major crime syndicates.
【参考译文】迪拜臭名昭著，被视为全球洗钱、毒品交易、腐败政治人物和受制裁商人的中心与庇护所。[93]它曾被形容为“黑帮天堂”。[94]这种情况涉及重大犯罪团伙的洗钱行为。

This state of affairs has been enabled by a complex range of factors: the lack of extradition treaties with many countries, banking secrecy, liberal visa policies, low taxes, a large expatriate community in which shady figures are easily absorbed and welcomed, a non-transparent real estate market that readily enables money laundering, and not least, the monarchical dictatorship of the Maktoum family which facilitates it through deliberately lax legislation and policy.[95][96] One international billionaire criminal it has harboured is Amit Gupta, who bribed Nauru politicians in an attempt to stage a coup that would give him control of that island's mining rights.[97] Another transnational crime figure to whom the citystate provides sanctuary is Ahmed Al Hamza.[98]
【参考译文】这种状态是由一系列复杂因素促成的：与许多国家缺乏引渡条约、银行保密制度、宽松的签证政策、低税收、庞大的外籍社区易于吸纳并欢迎有问题的人物、便于洗钱的不透明房地产市场，以及最重要的，马克图姆家族的君主独裁政权，通过故意宽松的立法和政策促进了这一切。[95][96]其中一名被庇护的国际亿万富翁罪犯是Amit Gupta，他曾试图贿赂瑙鲁政客发动政变，以控制该岛屿的采矿权。[97]另一个得到这座城邦庇护的跨国犯罪人物是Ahmed Al Hamza。[98]

Dubai’s Role in Facilitating Corruption and Global Illicit Financial Flows, a 2020 report from influential Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, stated: "part of what underpins Dubai’s prosperity is a steady stream of illicit proceeds borne from corruption and crime...Meanwhile, both Emirati leaders and the international community continue to turn a blind eye to the problematic behaviours, administrative loopholes, and weak enforcement practices that make Dubai a globally attractive destination for dirty money.”[99]
【参考译文】2020年，有影响力的卡内基国际和平基金会发布的报告《迪拜在促进腐败和全球非法资金流动中的角色》指出：“支撑迪拜繁荣的部分原因是一系列源于腐败和犯罪的非法收益……与此同时，无论是阿联酋领导人还是国际社会都在继续对此视而不见，忽略了那些使迪拜成为全球吸引脏钱目的地的问题行为、行政漏洞和薄弱的执法实践。”[99]

Dubai is an investment base for the international drug trade by Balkan criminal groups, while Belgian criminals are notably active in its real estate market on behalf of Russian oligarchs and politicians, who seek to launder their ill-gotten gains.[100] In 2022, a data leak obtained by the U.S. Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS), exposed just some of this activity.[101] Dubai is under observation by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which is likely to bring greater international scrutiny and pressure on its government.[102]
【参考译文】迪拜是巴尔干犯罪集团进行国际毒品交易的投资基地，而比利时罪犯则活跃在其房地产市场，代表俄罗斯寡头和政界人士进行活动，这些人寻求洗白他们的非法所得。[100]2022年，美国高级防御研究中心(C4ADS)获取的数据泄露事件揭示了部分此类活动。[101]迪拜正受到金融行动特别工作组(FATF)的监控，这可能会使其政府面临更大的国际审查和压力。[102]

5.2 人权 | Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Dubai【主条目：迪拜的人权】

Companies in Dubai have in the past been criticised for human rights violations against labourers.[104]Some of the 250,000 foreign labourers in the city have been alleged to live in conditions described by Human Rights Watch as "less than humane".[105][106] The mistreatment of foreign workers was a subject of the difficult-to-make documentary, Slaves in Dubai (2009).[107] The Dubai government has denied labour injustices and stated that the watchdogs' (Human Rights Watch) accusations were "misguided". The filmmaker explained in interviews how it was necessary to go undercover to avoid discovery by the authorities, who impose high fines on reporters attempting to document human rights abuses, including the conditions of construction workers.
【参考译文】过去，迪拜的公司曾因对劳工的人权侵犯而受到批评。[104]据报道，该城市中约有25万名外籍劳工中的一些人生活在被人权观察组织描述为“低于人类尊严”的条件下。[105][106]针对外籍劳工的虐待是难以制作的纪录片《迪拜的奴隶》(2009年)的主题。[107]为了逃避当局的发现，摄制组不得不采取秘密拍摄方式，因为当局对试图记录人权滥用情况（包括建筑工人状况）的记者施以高额罚款。迪拜政府否认了劳动不公，并称人权观察组织的指责“被误导”。

Towards the end of March 2006, the government had announced steps to allow construction unions. UAE labour minister Ali al-Kaabi said: "Labourers will be allowed to form unions."[108] As of 2020, the federal public prosecution has clarified that "it is an offense when at least three public employees collectively leave work or one of the duties to achieve an unlawful purpose. Each employee will be punished with not less than 6 months in prison and not more than a year, as the imprisonment will be for leaving the job or duties that affect the health or the security of the people, or affect other public services of public benefit." Any act of spreading discord among employees will be punishable by imprisonment, and in all cases, foreigners will be deported.[109]
【参考译文】截至2006年3月末，政府宣布将允许建立劳工工会。阿联酋劳动部长阿里·卡比表示：“劳工将被允许组建工会。”[108]然而，到2020年，联邦检察院澄清称，“至少三名公职人员集体离职或放弃职责以达到非法目的是一种犯罪。每个员工将被判处不少于6个月、不多于一年的监禁，如果离职或放弃的职责影响民众健康、安全或其它公共服务，则将受到处罚。”任何煽动员工间不和的行为都将受到惩处，而且在所有情况下，外籍人士将被驱逐出境。[109]

Homosexual acts are illegal under UAE law.[110] Freedom of speech in Dubai is limited, with both residents and citizens facing severe sanctions from the government for speaking out against the royal family or local laws and culture.[111] Some of the labourers lured by the higher pay available in Dubai are victims of human trafficking or forced labour while some women are even forced into the growing sex trade in Dubai, a centre of human trafficking and prostitution.[112]
【参考译文】根据阿联酋法律，同性恋行为是违法的。[110]迪拜的言论自由受到限制，无论是居民还是公民，只要公开反对王室或当地法律文化，都会遭到政府的严厉惩罚。[111]一些被较高工资吸引到迪拜的劳工成为人口贩卖或强迫劳动的受害者，一些妇女甚至被迫卷入迪拜不断增长的性交易行业中，迪拜是人口贩卖和卖淫的中心。[112]

Defamation on social media is a punishable offence in Dubai with fines up to half a million dirhams and jail term for up to 2 years. In January 2020, three Sri Lankan expats were fined 500,000 dirhams (US$136,000) each for posting defamatory Islamophobic Facebook posts.[113]
【参考译文】在迪拜，社交媒体上的诽谤是一项可处罚的罪行，最高可处以50万迪拉姆的罚款和两年监禁。2020年1月，三名斯里兰卡籍外籍人士因在Facebook上发布诽谤伊斯兰教的帖子，每人被罚款50万迪拉姆（约13.6万美元）。[113]

Article 7 of the UAE's Provisional Constitution declares Islam the official state religion of the UAE. The government subsidises almost 95% of mosques and employs all Imams; approximately 5% of mosques are entirely private, and several large mosques have large private endowments.[138] All mosques in Dubai are managed by the Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department also known as "Awqaf" under the Government of Dubai and all Imams are appointed by the Government.[139] The Constitution of the United Arab Emirates provides for freedom of religion. Expats held to be preaching religious hatred or promoting religious extremism are usually jailed and deported.[140]
【参考译文】阿联酋临时宪法第7条规定伊斯兰教是阿联酋的官方国教。政府对近95%的清真寺进行补贴，并雇佣所有伊玛目；大约5%的清真寺完全由私人所有，并且一些大型清真寺拥有大额私人捐赠。迪拜的所有清真寺都由伊斯兰事务和慈善事业部（也称为"Awqaf"）管理，由迪拜政府任命所有伊玛目。阿联酋宪法保障宗教自由。通常会监禁和驱逐煽动宗教仇恨或宣扬宗教极端主义的外籍人士。

Dubai has large Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Baháʼí, Buddhist and other religious communities residing in the city, as well as a small but growing Jewish community.[141] In 2014, more than 56% of Dubai residents were Muslims, while 25% of the Dubai residents were Christians and 16% were Hindus. While around 2% of the Dubai residents were adherent of other religions.[142] The Churches Complex in Jebel Ali Village is an area for a number of churches and temples of different religious denominations, especially Christian denominations.[143]
【参考译文】迪拜拥有大量基督教徒、印度教徒、锡克教徒、巴哈伊教徒、佛教徒和其他宗教团体居住在城市中，同时也有一个规模较小但不断增长的犹太社区。2014年，超过56%的迪拜居民是穆斯林，25%是基督徒，16%是印度教徒，而约2%的居民信仰其他宗教。杰贝·阿里村的教堂综合区是各种不同教派基督教堂和寺庙的区域。

Non-Muslim groups can own their own houses of worship, where they can practice their religion freely, by requesting a land grant and permission to build a compound. Groups that do not have their own buildings are allowed to use the facilities of other religious organisations or worship in private homes.[144] Non-Muslim religious groups are also permitted to advertise group functions openly and distribute various religious literature. Catholics are served pastorally by the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia. British preacher Reverend Andrew Thompson claimed that the United Arab Emirates is one of the most tolerant places in the world towards Christians and that it is easier to be a Christian in the UAE than in the UK.[145] On 5 April 2020, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints announced the building of one of their temples in Dubai. As part of the announcement, church President Russell M. Nelson said that, "The plan for a temple in Dubai comes in response to their gracious invitation, which we gratefully acknowledge."[146]
【参考译文】非穆斯林团体可以申请土地授予和建筑许可，拥有自己的宗教礼拜场所，可以自由行使宗教信仰。没有自己建筑的团体可以使用其他宗教组织的设施或在私人住宅中举行宗教仪式。非穆斯林宗教团体也可以公开宣传团体活动并分发各种宗教文献。天主教徒由南阿拉伯宗座代牧区进行牧灵服务。英国传教士安德鲁·汤普森牧师声称，阿联酋是世界上对基督徒最宽容的地方之一，认为在阿联酋比在英国更容易成为基督徒。2020年4月5日，耶稣基督后期圣徒教会宣布在迪拜建造他们的一座寺庙。在这一宣布中，教会主席拉塞尔·M·尼尔森称：“在迪拜建造寺庙的计划是对他们亲切邀请的回应，我们深表感激。”

正文6.2 宗教 | Religion

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In 2021, the UAE was ranked amongst the 20 most dangerous places for LGBTQ tourists to visit.[191] In 2022, there were cases where a number of LGBTQ tourists who travelled to Dubai faced issues and were deported. In March 2022, Thai transgender model Rachaya Noppakaroon visited Dubai for her performance at the Expo 2020, but was sent back because she identified as a woman while her passport stated her gender as male.[192] In another case, a French influencer on TikTok and Snapchat, Ibrahim Godin, was sent back from Dubai because the authorities assumed his male friend travelling with him was his boyfriend. Ibrahim filed a complaint for "public defamation because of sexual orientation" and an investigation was opened by the Vesoul police. He said, "Dubai is not all pretty, all rosy as we see on social networks."[193][194] 【参考译文】2021年，阿联酋被评为 LGBTQ 游客访问的20个最危险地方之一。2022年，有报道称一些前往迪拜的 LGBTQ 游客面临问题并被驱逐出境。2022年3月，泰国跨性别模特 Rachaya Noppakaroon 前往迪拜参加2020年世博会的表演，但因为她认同为女性而护照上注明性别为男性而被遣返。另外还有一名法国社交媒体影响者在 TikTok 和 Snapchat 上活跃的男士 Ibrahim Godin 也因为当局认定他旅行伴侣是他的男朋友而被遣返。Ibrahim 就“因性取向遭受公开侮辱”提出投诉，维苏勒警方也已展开调查。他表示，“迪拜并不像我们在社交网络上看到的那样美好、如梦如幻”。

正文7.2 旅游业 | Tourism（部分段落）

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Many international news agencies such as Reuters, APTN, Bloomberg L.P. and Middle East Broadcasting centre (MBC) operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City. Additionally, several local network television channels such as Dubai One (formerly Channel 33), and Dubai TV (EDTV) provide programming in English and Arabic respectively. Dubai is also the headquarters for several print media outlets. Dar Al Khaleej, Al Bayan and Al Ittihad are the city's largest circulating Arabic language newspapers,[278] while Gulf News, Khaleej Times, Khaleej Mag and 7days are the largest circulating English newspapers.[279]
【参考译文】许多国际新闻机构如路透社（Reuters）、APTN、彭博社（Bloomberg L.P.）和中东广播中心（MBC）在迪拜传媒城和迪拜互联网城运营。此外，几家本地网络电视频道如迪拜一台（前身为33频道）和迪拜电视（EDTV）分别提供英语和阿拉伯语节目。迪拜还是一些印刷媒体机构的总部所在地。达尔阿尔哈利吉（Dar Al Khaleej）、阿尔巴扬（Al Bayan）和阿尔伊提哈德（Al Ittihad）是该市发行量最大的阿拉伯语报纸，而《海湾新闻》（Gulf News）、《海湾时报》（Khaleej Times）、《海湾周刊》（Khaleej Mag）和《7天》（7days）是发行量最大的英语报纸。

Etisalat, the government-owned telecommunications provider, held a virtual monopoly over telecommunication services in Dubai prior to the establishment of other, smaller telecommunications companies such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company (EITC—better known as Du) in 2006. Internet was introduced into the UAE (and therefore Dubai) in 1995. The network has an Internet bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit/s with capacity of 49 STM1 links.[280] Dubai houses two of four Domain Name System (DNS) data centres in the country (DXBNIC1, DXBNIC2).[281] Censorship is common in Dubai and used by the government to control content that it believes violates the cultural and political sensitivities of Emirates.[282] Homosexuality, drugs, and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo.[269][283]
【参考译文】在成立其他较小的电信公司（如2006年成立的阿联酋综合电信公司，即Du）之前，政府拥有的电信提供商Etisalat在迪拜拥有电信服务的虚拟垄断地位。互联网于1995年引入阿联酋（因此也在迪拜）。该网络的互联网带宽为7.5 Gbit/s，具有49个STM1链路的容量。迪拜拥有该国四个域名系统（DNS）数据中心中的两个（DXBNIC1，DXBNIC2）。在迪拜，审查制度很常见，并被政府用来控制其认为违背阿联酋文化和政治敏感度的内容。同性恋、毒品和进化论通常被视为禁忌。

Internet content is regulated in Dubai. Etisalat uses a proxy server to filter Internet content that the government deems to be inconsistent with the values of the country, such as sites that provide information on how to bypass the proxy; sites pertaining to dating, gay and lesbian networks, and pornography; and previously, sites originating from Israel.[284] Emirates Media and Internet (a division of Etisalat) notes that as of 2002, 76% of Internet users are male. About 60% of Internet users were Asian, while 25% of users were Arab. Dubai enacted an Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law in 2002 which deals with digital signatures and electronic registers. It prohibits Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from disclosing information gathered in providing services.[285] The penal code contains official provisions that prohibit digital access to pornography; however, it does not address cyber crime or data protection.[286]
【参考译文】迪拜对互联网内容进行了规范。Etisalat使用代理服务器来过滤政府认为与该国价值观不一致的互联网内容，例如提供绕过代理的信息的网站；涉及约会、同性恋和女同性恋网络以及色情内容的网站；以及以色列来源的网站。阿联酋传媒与互联网（Etisalat的一个部门）指出，截至2002年，76%的互联网用户为男性。约60%的互联网用户为亚洲人，而25%的用户为阿拉伯人。迪拜于2002年颁布了一部《电子交易和商务法》，涉及数字签名和电子登记。该法律禁止互联网服务提供商（ISP）披露其在提供服务时收集的信息。刑法包含正式规定，禁止数字通道访问色情内容；但是，它并未涉及网络犯罪或数据保护。

In 2019 the Italian artist Princess Bee produced "Hi Dubai", the first cross media format revealing the "soul of the city" through the life and work experience of 25 Emirati and expat women. The series also promoted the Emirate's lifestyle and main events to attract young people to visit and to live in Dubai. "Hi Dubai" was on air on the national channel Dubai One TV, in prime time, after the National News during the U.A.E. National Day's week; then distributed online on Dubai Post and in-flight on ICE in all Emirates Airlines flights.[287]
【参考译文】2019年，意大利艺术家Princess Bee制作了《你好，迪拜》（Hi Dubai），这是第一个通过25位阿联酋本地女性和外籍女性的生活和工作经历展示“城市灵魂”的跨媒体形式。该系列还宣传了该酋长国的生活方式和主要活动，以吸引年轻人来迪拜参观和居住。《你好，迪拜》在迪拜国家频道Dubai One TV黄金时段播出，于阿联酋国庆周的国庆日后的全国新闻节目之后，然后在迪拜邮报网上和在所有阿联酋航空公司航班上的ICE系统中在线播出。

正文10.3 媒体 | Media

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