不便外发的段落 | 女孩 / Girl

正文1.3.3 非洲 ｜ Africa

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Main article: Female genital mutilation（主条目：女性生殖器残割）

In some cultures, girls' passing through puberty is viewed with concern for a girl's chastity. In some communities, there is a traditional belief that female genital mutilation is a necessity to prevent a girl from becoming sexually promiscuous. The practice is dangerous, however, and leads to long-term health problems for women who have undergone it. The practice has been a custom in 28 countries of Africa, and persists mainly in rural areas. This coming-of-age custom, sometimes incorrectly described as "female circumcision", is being outlawed by governments, and challenged by human rights groups and other concerned community members, who are working to end the practice.
【参考译文】在一些文化中，女孩经历青春期会引起人们对女孩贞操的关注。在一些社区中，有一种传统观念认为，女性割礼是必要的，以防止女孩变得性放荡。然而，这种做法是危险的，会导致已经接受过这种做法的女性长期健康问题。这种做法已经在非洲的28个国家成为一种习俗，主要存在于农村地区。这种成年仪式，有时被错误地描述为“女性割礼”，正受到政府的取缔，也受到人权组织和其他关注社区成员的挑战，他们正在努力结束这种做法。

正文1.4 贩卖和交易女孩 ｜ Trafficking and trading girls

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Girls have been used historically, and are still used in some parts of the world, in settlements of disputes between families, through practices such as baad, swara, or vani. In such situations, a girl from a criminal's family is given to the victim's family as a servant or a bride. Another practice is that of selling girls in exchange for the bride price. The 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery defines "institutions and practices similar to slavery" to include:[13] c) Any institution or practice whereby: (i) A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or (ii) The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or (iii) A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person.
【参考译文】历史上，女孩被用来解决家庭纠纷，并在世界上的一些地方仍然被使用，例如巴德、斯瓦拉或瓦尼等习俗。在这种情况下，罪犯家庭的女孩被送给受害者家庭作为女仆或新娘。另一种做法是出售女孩以换取嫁妆。1956年《废除奴隶制、奴隶贸易和类似奴隶制的制度和做法补充公约》将“类似奴隶制的制度和做法”定义为包括：[13] c)任何机构或做法，其中： (i)妇女没有拒绝的权利，她被承诺或给予婚姻，并向她的父母、监护人、家庭或其他任何人或团体支付金钱或实物；或(ii)妇女的丈夫、他的家庭或他的部落有权将其转让给另一人以获得收到的款项或其他方式；或(iii)妇女在丈夫死亡后可能由另一人继承。

正文2. 人口统计 ｜ Demographics

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See also: Female infanticide（另请参阅：杀害女婴）

Scholars are unclear and in dispute as to possible causes for variations in human sex ratios at birth.[15][16] Countries which have sex ratios of 108 and above are usually presumed as engaging in sex selection. However, deviations in sex ratios at birth can occur for natural causes too. Nevertheless, the practice of bias against girls, through sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, female abandonment, as well as favouring sons with regard to allocating of family resources[17] is well documented in parts of South Asia, East Asia, and the Caucasus. Such practices are a major concern in China, India and Pakistan. In these cultures, the low status of women creates a bias against females.[18]
【参考译文】对于人类出生性别比变化的可能原因，学者们尚不清楚且存在争议。[15][16] 性别比为 108 及以上的国家通常被认为进行了性别选择。 然而，出生性别比的偏差也可能因自然原因而发生。 然而，在南亚、东亚和亚洲部分地区，通过性别选择性堕胎、杀害女婴、遗弃女性以及在分配家庭资源时偏向男孩[17]等方式对女孩产生偏见的做法已有充分记录。 高加索。 这种做法引起了中国、印度和巴基斯坦的严重关切。 在这些文化中，女性地位低下造成了对女性的偏见。 [18]

China and India have a very strong son preference. In China, the one child policy was largely responsible for an unbalanced sex ratio. Sex-selective abortion, as well as rejection of girl children is common. The Dying Rooms is a 1995 television documentary film about Chinese state orphanages, which documented how parents abandoned their newborn girls into orphanages, where the staff would leave the children in rooms to die of thirst, or starvation. In India, the practice of dowry is partly responsible for a strong son preference. Another manifestation of son preference is the violence inflicted against mothers who give birth to girls.[19][20][21]
【参考译文】中国和印度都有很强的男孩偏好。 在中国，独生子女政策是造成性别比例失衡的主要原因。 针对性别的选择性堕胎以及拒绝女童的情况很常见。 《垂死的房间》是一部 1995 年关于中国国有孤儿院的电视纪录片，记录了父母如何将刚出生的女孩遗弃到孤儿院，工作人员将孩子们留在房间里，让孩子们渴死或饿死。 在印度，嫁妆习俗是造成重男轻女的部分原因。 重男轻女的另一个表现是对生女孩的母亲施加暴力。[19][20][21]

In India, by 2011, there were 91 girls younger than 6 for every 100 boys. Its 2011 census showed[22] that the ratio of girls to boys under the age of 6 years old has dropped even during the past decade, from 927 girls for every 1000 boys in 2001 to 918 girls for every 1000 boys in 2011. In China, scholars[23] report 794 baby girls for every 1000 baby boys in rural regions. In Azerbaijan, last 20 years of birth data suggests 862 girls were born for every 1000 boys, on average every year.[24] Steven Mosher, president of the Population Research Institute in Washington, D.C. has said: "Twenty-five million men in China currently can't find brides because there is a shortage of women [...] young men emigrate overseas to find brides." The gender imbalance in these regions is also blamed for spurring growth in the commercial sex trade; the UN's 2005 report states that up to 800,000 people being trafficked across borders each year, and as many as 80 percent are women and girls.[25]
【参考译文】印度，截至2011年，每100名男孩中就有91名年龄小于6岁的女孩。根据2011年的人口普查数据[22]，在过去十年间，6岁以下女童与男童的比例有所下降，从2001年的每1000名男童中有927名女童，降至2011年的每1000名男童中有918名女童。在中国农村地区，学者们[23]报告称，每1000名男婴中有794名女婴。在阿塞拜疆，过去20年的出生数据显示，平均每年有862名女婴出生，相当于每1000名男婴中有862名女婴。华盛顿特区人口研究所所长史蒂文·莫舍尔（Steven Mosher）表示：“由于女性短缺，中国目前有2500万男性找不到新娘[……]年轻男性移民海外寻找新娘。”这些地区的性别失衡也被认为是推动商业性交易增长的原因；联合国2005年的一份报告指出，每年跨境贩卖的人口多达80万人，其中多达80%是妇女和女童。[25]

正文3.2 少女怀孕 ｜ Teenage pregnancy

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Main article: Teenage pregnancy（主条目：少女怀孕）

Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in an adolescent girl. A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy related issues as other women. There are, however, additional concerns for young adolescents as they are less likely to be physically developed enough to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth.[44][45][46]
【参考译文】少女怀孕是指未成年女孩怀孕。女性在开始排卵后进行性行为就有可能怀孕。怀孕的青少年面临许多与其他女性相同的与怀孕相关的问题。然而，对于年轻的青少年来说，他们的身体发育可能还不足以维持健康的怀孕或顺利分娩，因此存在额外的担忧。[44][45][46]

In developed countries, teenage pregnancy is usually associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, poverty, and other negative life outcomes; and often carries a social stigma.[47] By contrast, teenage girls in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, child marriage and early pregnancy often combine with malnutritionand poor health care and create medical problems.
【参考译文】在发达国家，少女怀孕通常与社会问题有关，包括较低的教育水平、贫困和其他负面的生活结果；并且往往带有社会污名。[47]相比之下，发展中国家的少女经常结婚，她们的怀孕受到家庭和社会的欢迎。然而，在这些社会中，tong2婚和zao3孕往往与营养不良和医疗保健不良相结合，造成医疗问题。