不便外发的段落 | 美国联合通讯社（美联社）/ Associated Press

正文8. 诉讼和争议 | Litigation and controversies

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

8.1 蒂娜·苏斯曼绑架事件 | Kidnapping of Tina Susman

In 1994, Tina Susman was on her fourth trip to Somalia, reporting for the AP. She was reporting on U.S. peacekeeping troops leaving the country. Somali rebels outnumbered her bodyguards in Mogadishu,[56] dragged her from her car in broad daylight,[57] and held her for 20 days. She told The Quill that she believes being a woman was an advantage in her experience there.[58] The AP had requested news organizations including The New York Times, the Chicago Tribune, and The Washington Post to suppress the story to discourage the emboldening of the kidnappers.[57][59]
【参考译文】1994年，蒂娜·苏斯曼第四次前往索马里为美联社进行报道工作，当时她正在报道美国维和部队撤离该国的情况。在摩加迪沙，索马里叛军的人数超过了她的安保人员，[56]并在光天化日之下将她从车中拖出，[57]随后将她扣留了20天。她向《The Quill》杂志表示，她觉得在那次经历中身为女性反而是一个有利条件。[58]为了防止鼓励绑匪的嚣张气焰，美联社请求包括《纽约时报》、《芝加哥论坛报》和《华盛顿邮报》在内的多家新闻机构不要报道这起绑架事件。[57][59]

8.2 克里斯托弗·牛顿 | Christopher Newton

In September 2002, Washington, D.C. bureau reporter Christopher Newton, an AP reporter since 1994, was fired after he was accused of fabricating sources since 2000, including at least 40 people and organizations. Prior to his firing, Newton had been focused on writing about federal law-enforcement while based at the Justice Department. Some of the nonexistent agencies quoted in his stories included "Education Alliance", the "Institute for Crime and Punishment in Chicago", "Voice for the Disabled", and "People for Civil Rights".[60]
【参考译文】2002年9月，华盛顿特区分局的记者克里斯托弗·牛顿，自1994年起便在美联社工作，因被指控自2000年起捏造消息来源而被解雇，其中包括至少40个人物和组织。在被解雇前，牛顿的工作重点是基于司法部撰写有关联邦执法的文章。他的报道中引用的一些虚构机构包括“教育联盟”、“芝加哥犯罪与惩罚研究所”、“残疾人之声”以及“公民权利人民组织”。[60]

8.3 FBI 冒充案 | FBI impersonation case

In 2007, an FBI agent working in Seattle impersonated an AP journalist and infected the computer of a 15-year-old suspect with a malicious surveillance software.[61][62] The incident sparked a strongly worded statement from the AP demanding the bureau never impersonate a member of the news media again.[63] In September 2016 the incident resulted in a report by the Justice Department, which the AP said "effectively condone[d] the FBI's impersonation".[64][65]
【参考译文】2007年，一名在西雅图工作的FBI特工假冒AP记者身份，对一名15岁嫌疑人电脑植入恶意监视软件。[61][62]这一事件引发了AP措辞强烈的声明，要求该局不再冒充新闻媒体成员。[63]2016年9月，该事件导致美国司法部出具一份报告，AP认为该报告“实际上纵容了FBI的冒充行为”。[64][65]

In December 2017, following a US court appearance, a judge ruled in favor of the AP in a lawsuit against the FBI for fraudulently impersonating a member of the news media.[66][67]
【参考译文】2017年12月，在美国法院出庭后，法官就AP起诉FBI欺诈性冒充新闻媒体成员一案做出了有利于AP的裁决。[66][67]

8.4 合理使用争议 | Fair-use controversy

In June 2008, the AP sent numerous DMCA take-down demands and threatened legal action against several blogs. The AP contended that the internet blogs were violating the AP's copyright by linking to AP material and using headlines and short summaries in those links. Many bloggers and experts noted that the use of the AP news fell squarely under commonly accepted internet practices and within fair-use standards.[68] Others noted and demonstrated that the AP routinely takes similar excerpts from other sources, often without attribution or licenses. The AP responded that it was defining standards regarding citations of AP news.[69]
【参考译文】2008年6月，美联社向多个博客发出了大量DMCA（数字千年版权法）下架要求，并威胁采取法律行动。美联社声称，这些互联网博客通过链接美联社材料并使用标题和简短摘要违反了美联社的版权。许多博主和专家指出，使用美联社新闻完全符合普遍接受的互联网惯例，并且符合合理使用的标准。[68]还有人指出并证明，美联社经常从其他来源摘取类似内容，常常不注明出处或未取得授权。对此，美联社回应称，它正在界定关于引用美联社新闻的标准。[69]

8.5 谢帕德·费瑞 | Shepard Fairey

n March 2009, the AP counter-sued artist Shepard Fairey over his famous image of Barack Obama, saying the uncredited, uncompensated use of an AP photo violated copyright laws and signaled a threat to journalism. Fairey had sued the AP the previous month over his artwork, titled "Obama Hope" and "Obama Progress", arguing that he did not violate copyright law because he dramatically changed the image. The artwork, based on an April 2006 picture taken for the AP by Mannie Garcia, was a popular image during the 2008 presidential election and now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. According to the AP lawsuit filed in federal court in Manhattan, Fairey knowingly "misappropriated The AP's rights in that image". The suit asked the court to award the AP profits made off the image and damages. Fairey said he looked forward to "upholding the free expression rights at stake here" and disproving the AP's accusations.[citation needed] In January 2011 this suit was settled with neither side declaring their position to be wrong but agreeing to share reproduction rights and profits from Fairey's work.[70]
【参考译文】2009年3月，美联社对艺术家谢帕德·费瑞提起反诉，事因费瑞创作的著名奥巴马肖像画，称其未经授权、未支付报酬使用美联社照片的行为侵犯了版权法，并对新闻业构成了威胁。此前一个月，费瑞已就其题为“奥巴马希望”和“奥巴马进步”的艺术作品起诉美联社，他辩称自己并未违反版权法，因为他对原图进行了大幅度的改动。该作品基于Mannie Garcia为美联社于2006年4月拍摄的照片，是2008年总统选举期间广受欢迎的形象，目前悬挂在华盛顿特区的国家肖像馆。据美联社在曼哈顿联邦法院提起的诉讼称，费瑞明知故犯地“侵犯了美联社对该图像的权利”。诉讼要求法庭判给美联社因该图像产生的利润和损害赔偿。费瑞表示期待“维护这里涉及的言论自由权利”，并反驳美联社的指控。[需要引证]2011年1月，这起诉讼以双方均未承认自己立场错误，但同意共享费瑞作品的复制权和利润的方式达成和解。[70]

8.6 全头条新闻 | All Headline News

In January 2008, the AP sued competitor All Headline News (AHN) claiming that AHN allegedly infringed on its copyrights and a contentious "quasi-property" right to facts.[71][72] The AP complaint asserted that AHN reporters had copied facts from AP news reports without permission and without paying a syndication fee. After AHN moved to dismiss all but the copyright claims set forth by the AP, a majority of the lawsuit was dismissed.[73] The case has been dismissed and both parties settled.[74]
【参考译文】2008年1月，美联社起诉竞争对手All Headline News（AHN），声称AHN涉嫌侵犯其版权及所谓的“准财产权”事实权利。[71][72]美联社在诉状中指出，AHN的记者未经许可且未支付辛迪加费用，就从美联社的新闻报道中抄袭事实。在AHN请求驳回AP除版权主张之外的所有其他指控后，诉讼的大部分内容被驳回。[73]目前，此案已被驳回，双方已达成和解。[74]

8.7 恶意推文和 Flash 崩溃 | Hoax tweet and flash crash

On April 23, 2013, hackers posted a tweet to AP's Twitter account about fictional attacks on the White House, falsely claiming that President Obama had been injured.[75] The hoax caused a flash crash on the American stock markets, with the Dow Jones index briefly falling by 143 points.[76]
【参考译文】2013年4月23日，黑客侵入美联社的Twitter账号并发布了一条推文，内容是关于白宫遭受虚构袭击的假消息，错误地宣称奥巴马总统受伤。[75]这一恶作剧导致美国股市发生闪崩，道琼斯指数短时间内下跌了143点。[76]

8.8 司法部传唤电话记录 | Justice Department subpoena of phone records

Main article: 2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters【主条目：2013 年司法部对记者的调查】

On May 13, 2013, the AP announced telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012, had been subpoenaed by the U.S. Justice Department and described these acts as a "massive and unprecedented intrusion" into news-gathering operations.[77][78] The AP reported that the Justice Department would not say why it sought the records, but sources stated that the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia's office was conducting a criminal investigation into a May 7, 2012 AP story about a CIA operation that prevented a terrorist plot to detonate an explosive device on a commercial flight.[79] The DOJ did not direct subpoenas to the AP, instead going to their phone providers, including Verizon Wireless.[80] U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder testified under oath in front of the House Judiciary Committee that he recused himself from the leak investigations to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. Holder said his Deputy Attorney General, James M. Cole, was in charge of the AP investigation and would have ordered the subpoenas.[81]
【参考译文】2013年5月13日，美联社宣布，美国司法部在2012年的两个月期间，传唤了他们20名记者的电话记录，并将此行为描述为对新闻采集团队的“大规模且前所未有的侵扰”。[77][78]美联社报道说，司法部没有说明为何要求获取这些记录，但有消息称，哥伦比亚特区美国检察官办公室正在进行刑事调查，调查对象是美联社于2012年5月7日发表的一篇关于中央情报局阻止恐怖分子在商业航班上引爆爆炸装置阴谋的报道。[79]司法部没有直接向美联社发出传票，而是转向他们的电话服务提供商，包括Verizon Wireless。[80]美国司法部长埃里克·霍尔德在众议院司法委员会面前宣誓作证，称自己为了避免利益冲突的嫌疑，已经从泄密调查中回避。霍尔德表示，他的副部长詹姆斯·M·科尔负责对美联社的调查，并且是下令发出传票的人。[81]

8.9 美联社与纳粹德国的合作 | AP collaboration with Nazi Germany

Further information: Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy § Business collaboration, and Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda【进一步信息：与纳粹德国及法西斯意大利的合作 § 企业合作，以及帝国国民教育与宣传部】

The AP collaborated with Nazi Germany and gave to it access to its photographic archives for its antisemitic Nazi propaganda.[82][83] AP also cooperated with the Nazi regime through censorship.[84][85]
【参考译文】美联社与纳粹德国合作，允许其接触其摄影档案以供其反犹太主义的纳粹宣传之用。[82][83]此外，美联社还通过审查制度与纳粹政权合作。[84][85]

In 2017, the German historian Norman Domeier of the University of Vienna brought to wider attention the deal between the AP and the Nazi government related to the interchange of press photos during the period in which the United States were at war with Nazi Germany.[86] This relationship involved the Bureau Laux, run by the Waffen-SS photographer Helmut Laux.[86][87]
【参考译文】2017年，维也纳大学的德国历史学家诺曼·多梅尔（Norman Domeier）引起了更广泛的关注，他揭示了在美利坚合众国与纳粹德国交战期间，美联社与纳粹政府之间关于交换新闻照片的协议。[86]这一关系涉及由党卫军摄影师赫尔穆特·劳克斯运营的Bureau Laux。[86][87]

The mechanism for this interchange involved a courier flying to Lisbon and back each day transporting photos from and for Nazi Germany's wartime enemy, the United States, via diplomatic pouch. The transactions were initially conducted at the AP bureau under Luiz Lupi in Lisbon, and from 1944, when the exchange via Lisbon took too long, also at the AP bureau in Stockholm under Eddie Shanke. Here, as a cover, the Swedish agency, Pressens Bild [sv], was involved as an intermediary. An estimated 40,000 photos were exchanged between the enemies in this way.[88] The AP was kicked out of Nazi Germany when the United States entered World War II in December 1941.[87]
【参考译文】这种交换机制涉及一名信使每天飞往里斯本并返回，通过外交邮袋为作为纳粹德国战时敌人的美国运送照片。最初，这些交易在里斯本的路易斯·卢皮管理的美联社分社进行，从1944年开始，当通过里斯本的交换耗时过长时，也在斯德哥尔摩的埃迪·尚克管理的美联社分社进行。在这里，作为掩护，瑞典通讯社Pressens Bild参与其中作为中介。通过这种方式，估计有4万张照片在敌对国家之间被交换。[88]1941年12月美国加入第二次世界大战后，美联社被驱逐出纳粹德国。[87]

8.10 巴以冲突 | Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In his book Broken Spring: An American-Israeli Reporter's Close-up View of How Egyptians Lost Their Struggle for Freedom, former AP correspondent Mark Lavie claimed that the editorial line of the Cairo bureau was that the conflict was Israel's fault and the Arabs and Palestinians were blameless.[89][90][91] Israeli journalist Matti Friedman accused the AP of killing a story he wrote about the "war of words", "between Israel and its critics in human rights organizations", in the aftermath of the Israel/Gaza conflict of 2008–09.[89]
【参考译文】在其著作《破碎之春：一位美国-以色列记者近距离视角下的埃及人如何失去了争取自由的斗争》中，前美联社通讯员马克·拉维声称，开罗分社的编辑方针是将冲突归咎于以色列，而阿拉伯人和巴勒斯坦人则毫无责任。[89][90][91]以色列记者马蒂·弗里德曼指责美联社扼杀了他的一个报道，该报道讲述的是“2008-09年以色列/加沙发冲突后，以色列与其人权组织批评者之间的口水战”。[89]

8.10.1 Tuvia Grossman photograph【图维亚·格罗斯曼的照片】

On September 29, 2000, the first day of the Second Intifada, the AP published a photograph of a badly bloodied young man behind whom a police officer could be seen with a baton raised in a menacing fashion; a gas station with Hebrew lettering could also be seen in the background.[92][93][94] The AP labelled it with the caption "An Israeli policeman and a Palestinian on the Temple Mount", and the picture and caption were subsequently published in several major American newspapers, including the New York Times.[95][92][94] In reality, the injured man in the photograph was a Jewish yeshiva student from Chicago named Tuvia Grossman, and the police officer, a Druze named Gidon Tzefadi, was protecting Grossman from a Palestinian mob who had clubbed, stoned, and stabbed Grossman.[95][92] There are also no gas stations with Hebrew lettering on the Temple Mount.[92][93][94][96]
【参考译文】2000年9月29日，即第二次巴勒斯坦人大起义第一天，美联社发布了一张照片，照片中一名血迹斑斑的年轻人身后可以看到一名警察手持警棍以威胁的姿态举起，背景中还能看到一家带有希伯来字母的加油站。[92][93][94]美联社为之配上了这样的说明：“一名以色列警察和一名巴勒斯坦人在圣殿山”，这张照片及其说明随后被包括《纽约时报》在内的多家美国主要报纸刊载。[95][92][94]事实上，照片中受伤的年轻人名叫图维亚·格罗斯曼，是一名来自芝加哥的犹太神学院学生，而那名警察，一名名为吉东·茨法迪的德鲁兹人，当时正在保护格罗斯曼免受一群巴勒斯坦人的攻击，这些人用棍棒、石块和刀子伤害了格罗斯曼。[95][92]并且，圣殿山上并没有带有希伯来字母的加油站。[92][93][94][96]

The episode is often cited by those who accuse the media of having an anti-Israel bias, and was the impetus for the founding of HonestReporting.[96][97][98][99] After a letter from Grossman's father noted the error, the AP, the New York Times, and other papers published corrections; despite these corrections, the photograph continues to be used by critics of Israel as a symbol of Israeli aggression and violence.[92][94][96][100]
【参考译文】这一事件常被那些指责媒体存在反以色列偏见的人引用，并成为了“诚实报道”组织成立的契机。[96][97][98][99]在格罗斯曼父亲致函指出错误后，美联社、《纽约时报》及其他报纸发表了更正；尽管做出了更正，这张照片仍继续被以色列的批评者作为象征以色列侵略和暴力的标志使用。[92][94][96][100]

8.10.2 以色列空袭美联社办公楼 | Israeli airstrike on the AP office building

During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, the Israeli army destroyed the al-Jalaa Highrise, a building housing the AP's Gaza offices and Al Jazeera offices. Israel stated that the building housed Hamas military intelligence and had given advanced warning of the strike, and no civilians were harmed.[101][102] AP CEO Gary Pruitt released a statement on May 16, stating that he "had no indication Hamas was in the building" and called on the Israeli government to provide the evidence. He said that "the world will know less about what is happening in Gaza because of what happened today."[103]
【参考译文】在2021年以色列-巴勒斯坦危机期间，以色列军队摧毁了al-Jalaa大厦，这座大楼内设有美联社在加沙的办公室和半岛电视台办公室。以色列方面表示，该建筑内藏有哈马斯军事情报部门，并提前警告了即将进行的打击，没有平民在事件中受伤。[101][102]美联社CEO加里·普鲁伊特在5月16日发表声明，称“没有迹象表明哈马斯在该大楼内”，并呼吁以色列政府提供证据。他表示，“由于今天发生的事情，世界将对加沙的状况了解得更少。”[103]

On 17 May, US secretary of state Antony Blinken said he had not seen any evidence that Hamas operated from the building housing the AP and Al Jazeera, but it is the job of others to handle intelligence matters. Israel reportedly shared intelligence with American officials and U.S. president Joe Biden showing Hamas offices inside the building.[104]
【参考译文】5月17日，美国国务卿安东尼·布林肯表示，他没有看到任何证据表明哈马斯在美联社和半岛电视台所在的大楼内运作，但处理情报事务是其他人的职责。据报道，以色列已与美国官员分享情报，并向美国总统乔·拜登展示了该大楼内哈马斯办公室的情报。[104]

Reporters Without Borders asked the International Criminal Court to investigate the bombing as a possible war crime.[105]
【参考译文】无国界记者组织要求国际刑事法院调查此次轰炸事件，视其可能构成战争罪。[105]

On June 8, Israeli Ambassador to the US Gilad Erdan met with AP CEO Gary Pruitt and vice president for foreign news, Ian Phillips, to discuss the operation. In coordination with the IDF, Erdan said the site was used by Hamas intelligence officials to develop and carry out electronic warfare operations,[106] and that IDF did not suspect the AP was aware of the alleged covert Hamas presence. After the meeting the AP stated "We have yet to receive evidence to support these claims".[107] Erdan later tweeted "Israel is willing to assist AP in rebuilding its offices and operations in Gaza."[107]
【参考译文】6月8日，以色列驻美国大使吉拉德·埃尔丹与美联社CEO加里·普鲁伊特及负责国外新闻的副总裁伊恩·菲利普斯会面，讨论了这次行动。埃尔丹表示，根据与以色列国防军的协调，该地点被哈马斯情报官员用于发展和实施电子战行动，[106]并称以色列国防军并不怀疑美联社知晓哈马斯所谓的秘密存在。会面后，美联社称“我们尚未收到支持这些说法的证据”。[107]埃尔丹后来在推特上写道：“以色列愿意协助美联社重建其在加沙的办公室和业务。”[107]

8.10.3 解雇艾米莉·怀尔德 | Firing of Emily Wilder

In May 2021, the AP said it would launch a review of its social media policies after questions were raised about the firing of a journalist who expressed pro-Palestinian views on social media. The announcement came after some AP journalists signed a letter expressing concern over the termination of former news associate Emily Wilder, whom the AP said committed multiple violations of the company's social media policy. The AP has said that Wilder's previous activism played no role in her termination.[108]
【参考译文】2021年5月，美联社表示将对其社交媒体政策进行审查，此前有人对其因一名记者在社交媒体上表达亲巴勒斯坦观点而遭解雇提出质疑。这一宣布是在一些美联社记者签署一封信表示对前新闻助理艾米丽·怀尔德被解雇的担忧之后做出的。美联社称，怀尔德违反了公司多项社交媒体政策，因此遭到解雇。美联社称，怀尔德之前的活动主义与其被解雇无关。[108]

8.10.4 删除以色列-巴勒斯坦直播 | Removal of Israel-Palestine Livestream

In May 2024, Israeli officials seized equipment broadcasting a live stream of Northern Gaza from the town of Sderot as part of a ban on Al Jazeera Media in Israel which had received footage from the broadcast. The move was condemned by multiple journalism organizations, Israeli opposition politicians, and US government officials. In a press briefing, the spokesperson for the National Security Council commented on the seizure, saying "The White House and the State Department immediately engaged with the government of Israel at high levels to express our serious concern and ask them to reverse this action."[109] Later that day, Israeli Communication Minister Shlomo Karhi announced via Twitter that the equipment would be returned to the AP and the Israeli Government would review the positioning of the AP broadcast to determine if it posed a security risk.[110]
【参考译文】2024年5月，以色列官方从斯德洛特镇没收了用于直播加沙北部情况的设备，此举是针对半岛电视台媒体在以色列境内禁播令的一部分，该禁播令源于半岛电视台曾接收来自该直播的画面。多个新闻组织、以色列反对派政治家以及美国政府官员均对这一举动表示谴责。在一次新闻简报会上，国家安全委员会发言人就此次没收行为评论道：“白宫和国务院立即与以色列政府进行了高层沟通，表达了我们的严重关切，并要求他们撤销这一行动。”[109]当天晚些时候，以色列通信部长舒洛莫·卡尔希通过推特宣布，设备将归还给美联社，并且以色列政府将审查美联社广播位置的设置，以确定其是否构成安全风险。[110]

8.11 移民船 NFT | Migrant Boat NFT

On January 10, 2022, AP announced it would start selling non-fungible tokens (NFTs) of their photographs in partnership with a company named Xooa, with the proceeds being used to fund their operations.[111] One of the NFTs they promoted on Twitter on 24 February was an aerial shot depicting an overcrowded migrant boat in the Mediterranean Sea. The tweet received negative backlash from users and other journalists, with AP being accused of profiting off of human suffering and the picture choice being "dystopian" and "in extremely poor taste". The tweet was subsequently deleted and the NFT, which was to be sold the next day, was pulled from market. Global director of media relations Lauren Easton apologized, saying "This was a poor choice of imagery for an NFT. It has not and will not be put up for auction [...] AP's NFT marketplace is a very early pilot program, and we are immediately reviewing our efforts".[112][113]
【参考译文】2022年1月10日，美联社宣布将与一家名为Xooa的公司合作，开始销售其照片的非同质化代币（NFT），所得收益将用于支持其运营。[111]2月24日，他们在推特上推广的一个NFT是一张航拍照片，画面展示了一艘地中海上的过度拥挤的移民船。这条推文遭到了用户和其他记者的负面反响，有人指责美联社从人类苦难中获利，且选用的照片“反乌托邦”，“品味极差”。随后，该推文被删除，原定于次日拍卖的NFT也被撤出市场。全球媒体关系总监劳伦·伊斯特恩道歉称：“这张图片作为NFT的选择非常不妥。它未曾也不会被拍卖......美联社的NFT市场是一个非常早期的试点项目，我们正在立即审查我们的工作。”[112][113]