不便外发的段落："加利福尼亚州 / California”

California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter.[353] In socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans, especially those who live in the inland states. In the 2016 United States presidential election, California had the third highest percentage of Democratic votes behind the District of Columbia and Hawaii.[354] In the 2020 United States presidential election, it had the 6th highest behind the District of Columbia, Vermont, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Hawaii. According to the Cook Political Report, California contains five of the 15 most Democratic congressional districts in the United States.
【参考译文】与其他美国地区相比，加州具有一种独特的政治文化，并时常被视为潮流引领者。[353]在社会文化习俗和国家政治层面，加州人被视为比其他美国人，尤其是内陆州居民，更加自由开放。在2016年美国总统选举中，加州民主党的得票比例位居第三，仅次于哥伦比亚特区和夏威夷。[354]在2020年美国总统选举中，加州的排名下降至第六，排在哥伦比亚特区、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、马里兰州和夏威夷之后。根据库克政治报告（Cook Political Report），加州拥有全美最倾向民主党的15个国会选区中的五个。

California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by vote (including Proposition 8 in 2008). Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research, making California the second state to legalize stem cell research, and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state's primary election process. California has also experienced disputes over water rights; and a tax revolt, culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, limiting state property taxes. California voters have rejected affirmative action on multiple occasions, most recently in November 2020.
【参考译文】加州是第二个通过召回程序罢免本州州长的州，也是第二个将堕胎合法化的州，更是唯一一个两次通过投票禁止同性婚姻的州（包括2008年的第8号提案）。选民还在2004年通过了第71号提案，资助干细胞研究，使加州成为第二个将干细胞研究合法化的州，并在2010年通过了第14号提案，彻底改变了州内的初选选举程序。加州也经历过水资源权益的争议，以及导致1978年通过限制州财产税的第13号提案的税收反抗运动。加州选民多次否决了平权行动政策，最近一次是在2020年11月。

The state's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections. From 1899 to 1939, California had Republican governors. Since 1990, California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal, state and local offices, including current Governor Gavin Newsom; however, the state has elected Republican Governors, though many of its Republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party.
【参考译文】加州政治趋势从共和党转向民主党的变化在州选举中可见一斑。从1899年到1939年，加州的州长均由共和党人担任。自1990年以来，加州普遍选举民主党候选人担任联邦、州和地方职务，包括现任州长加文·纽森；然而，加州也曾选出过共和党籍的州长，其中许多人，如阿诺德·施瓦辛格，通常被认为是温和的共和党人，比全国共和党更加中间派。

Several political movements have advocated for California independence. The California National Party and the California Freedom Coalition both advocate for California independence along the lines of progressivism and civic nationalism.[355] The Yes California movement attempted to organize an independence referendum via ballot initiative for 2019, which was then postponed.[356]
【参考译文】有几个政治运动都曾倡导加州独立。加州民族党和加州自由联盟均主张基于进步主义和公民民族主义路线的加州独立。[355]“是的加州”(Yes California)运动曾试图通过投票倡议组织一场定于2019年的独立公投，但后来被推迟。[356]

The Democrats also hold a supermajority in both houses of the state legislature. There are 62 Democrats and 18 Republicans in the Assembly; and 32 Democrats and 8 Republicans in the Senate.
【参考译文】民主党还在州议会两院中拥有超多数席位。众议院中有62名民主党人和18名共和党人；参议院中有32名民主党人和8名共和党人。

From 1952 through 1988, California was a Republican leaning state, with the party carrying the state's electoral votes in nine of ten elections, with 1964 as the exception. Southern California Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan were both elected twice as the 37th and 40th U.S. Presidents, respectively. However, Democrats have won all of California's electoral votes for the last eight elections, starting in 1992.
【参考译文】从1952年到1988年，加州是一个倾向于共和党的州，在这期间的十次选举中，共和党九次赢得了该州的选举人票，1964年是唯一的例外。来自南加州的共和党人理查德·尼克松和罗纳德·里根分别两次当选为美国第37任和第40任总统。然而，自1992年开始，民主党已经连续八次赢得了加州的所有选举人票。

In the United States House, the Democrats held a 34–19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007. As the result of gerrymandering, the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party, and few districts were considered competitive. In 2008, Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14-member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress. After the 2012 elections, when the new system took effect, Democrats gained four seats and held a 38–15 majority in the delegation. Following the 2018 midterm House elections, Democrats won 46 out of 53 congressional house seats in California, leaving Republicans with seven.
【参考译文】在2007年的第110届美国国会中，加利福尼亚州的众议院代表团中，民主党以34比19的优势领先。由于选区划分上的政治操作（俗称“杰利蝾螈”），加州的选区通常被一个政党所主导，极少有选区被视为竞争激烈。2008年，加州选民通过了第20号提案，授权一个由14名独立公民组成的委员会来重新划定地方政客和国会的选区边界。到2012年选举后，新制度生效时，民主党获得了四个席位，在代表团中以38比15的多数优势领先。而在2018年的中期众议院选举之后，民主党在加州赢得了53个国会众议院席位中的46席，留给共和党7席。

In general, Democratic strength is centered in the populous coastal regions of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the San Francisco Bay Area. Republican strength is still greatest in eastern parts of the state. Orange County had remained largely Republican until the 2016 and 2018 elections, in which a majority of the county's votes were cast for Democratic candidates.[357][358] One study ranked Berkeley, Oakland, Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal American cities; and Bakersfield, Orange, Escondido, Garden Grove, and Simi Valley in the top 20 most conservative cities.[359]
【参考译文】总体而言，民主党的强势区域主要集中在人口密集的沿海地带，包括洛杉矶大都市区和旧金山湾区。而共和党的主要力量仍然集中在加州的东部地区。橙县一直以来都是共和党的坚固阵地，直到2016年和2018年的选举中，该县的大多数选票转向了民主党候选人。[357][358]一项研究将伯克利、奥克兰、英格尔伍德和旧金山列为美国最自由派的20个城市之列；而贝克斯菲尔德、奥兰治、埃斯康迪多、花园 Grove和西米谷则被列入最保守的20个城市之中。[359]

In October 2022, out of the 26,876,800 people eligible to vote, 21,940,274 people were registered to vote.[360] Of the people registered, the three largest registered groups were Democrats (10,283,258), Republicans (5,232,094), and No Party Preference (4,943,696).[360]
【参考译文】截至2022年10月，在26,876,800名有资格投票的人中，有21,940,274人进行了选民登记。在已登记的选民中，三大主要登记团体分别是：民主党（10,283,258人）、共和党（5,232,094人）和无党派偏好（4,943,696人）。[360]

California retains the death penalty, though it has not been used since 2006.[361]
【参考译文】加州保留了死刑制度，但自2006年以来未曾执行过。[361]

正文8.5 意识形态 | Ideology

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