不便外发的段落 | Z世代 / Generation Z

正文6.（一段）教育 | Education

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Since the early 2000s, the number of students from emerging economies going abroad for higher education has risen markedly. This was a golden age of growth for many Western universities admitting international students.[172] In the late 2010s, around five million students traveled abroad each year for higher education, with the developed world being the most popular destinations and China the biggest source of international students.[172] In 2019, the United States was the most popular destination for international students, with 30% of its international student body coming from mainland China, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan.[173] Among children of the Chinese ruling class ("princelings"), attending elite institutions in the United States was commonplace and seen as a status symbol,[174] but the deterioration in the bilateral relationship as exemplified by President Donald Trump's entry restrictions on Chinese students in addition to the complications produced by the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the number of Chinese students enrolling in many American colleges and universities. Combined with other political and economic factors, some speculated that this trend marked the end of a golden age for higher education in the United States.[175][172] (Also see the higher-education bubble in the United States.) However, a 2023 report produced by the Institute of International Education said that international student enrollment for the 2022–2023 academic year in American higher education institutions had exceeded pre-pandemic levels. The rate of the enrollment growth was the fastest in 40 years, with strong growth coming from India and sub-Saharan Africa.[176]
【参考译文】自2000年代初以来，来自新兴经济体的赴海外接受高等教育的学生人数大幅增加。这是许多招收国际学生的西方大学的黄金增长期[172]。在2010年代末，每年约有五百万学生出国深造，其中发达世界是最受欢迎的目的地，中国是最大的国际学生来源国[172]。2019年，美国是国际学生最受欢迎的目的地，其国际学生群体中有30%来自中国大陆，澳大利亚、加拿大、英国和日本[173]。在中国统治阶级的子女（“太子党”）中，就读美国精英机构十分普遍，被视为身份象征[174]，但中美双边关系恶化，如唐纳德·特朗普总统对中国学生的入境限制，加上新冠疫情带来的复杂情况，导致许多美国学院和大学的中国学生入学人数减少。结合其他政治和经济因素，一些人推测这一趋势标志着美国高等教育黄金时代的终结[175][172]（也请参阅美国的高等教育泡沫）。然而，2023年由国际教育研究所发布的一份报告指出，2022-2023学年，美国高等教育机构的国际学生入学人数已超过疫情前水平。入学增长率是40年来最快的，印度和撒哈拉以南非洲地区的增长强劲[176]。

正文8. 政治观点和参与 | Political views and participation

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Among developed democracies, young people's faith in the institutions, including their own government, has declined compared to that of previous generations.[127] Polling on immigration in various countries receives mixed responses from Generation Z.[196][197] In tandem with more members of Generation Z being able to vote in elections during the late 2010s and early 2020s, the youth vote has increased in both Europe and the United States.[198][199] An early political movement primarily driven by Generation Z was School Strike for Climate of the late 2010s. The movement involved millions of young people around the world who followed the footsteps of Swedish activist Greta Thunberg to skip school in order to protest in favor of greater action on climate change.[200][201] Around the world, large numbers of people from this cohort feel angry, anxious, guilty, helpless, and sad about climate change and are dissatisfied with how their governments have responded so far.[180] However, their consumption choices (see above) reveal a gap between their stated values and their activism.[155][156][157] In Europe, voters from Generation Z swung from favoring the Greens in the 2019 European Parliament elections to supporting parties of the (far) right in 2024.[202] In the United States, Generation Z's politics are largely similar to those of Millennials in that they tend to be more left-wing than preceding cohorts.[203][204] However, polls consistently show that the Democratic Party has been steadily hemorrhaging support among young adults during the late 2010s and early 2020s, even though they largely disapprove of the Republican Party.[205][206][207] By the early 2020s, young voters in the West have become increasingly concerned about the rising cost of living, violent crime, declining public services in rural areas, immigration, and the Russo-Ukrainian War.[202] Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus dismissed the stereotype of young people altruistically voting for green or left-wing parties as misguided and outdated.[202]
【参考译文】在发达民主国家中，与以前一代相比，年轻人对包括他们自己的政府在内的制度的信任已经下降。各国针对移民问题的民意调查结果在Z世代中呈现出不同的回应。随着更多Z世代成员在2010年代末和2020年代初能够参加选举投票，青年选民在欧洲和美国的投票率均有所增加。Z世代主要推动的早期政治运动是2010年代末的气候罢工。这场运动涉及全球数百万年轻人效仿瑞典活动家格雷塔·桑伯格的脚步，不上学以抗议呼吁更大力度行动应对气候变化。世界各地的许多这一群体的人对气候变化感到愤怒、焦虑、内疚、无助和悲伤，他们对各国政府迄今为止对此做出的反应感到不满。然而，他们的消费选择揭示了他们陈述的价值观和他们的行动主义之间存在差距。在欧洲，Z世代选民在2019年欧洲议会选举中倾向于支持绿党，而在2024年转而支持(极右)党派。在美国，Z世代的政治倾向与千禧一代类似，他们往往比之前的一代更倾向于左翼。然而，民意调查一贯显示，尽管他们普遍不赞成共和党，但民主党在2010年代末和2020年代初稳步失去了年轻人的支持。到了2020年代初，西方年轻选民对生活成本上涨、犯罪率上升、农村地区公共服务下降、移民问题以及俄乌战争等问题变得越来越关注。政治学家让-伊夫·卡穆斯认为，年轻人单纯地投票给绿党或左翼政党的刻板印象是错误且过时的。

Nevertheless, these broad trends conceal a significant gender divide across the Western world, with young women (under 30) being vocally left-leaning and young men being fiercely right-leaning on a variety of issues from immigration to sexual harassment.[208] Furthermore, a backlash against feminism among young men is quite strong in many countries; older men tend to hold similar views to women across age groups on this topic. Possible causes for this phenomenon include the general tendency for women to become better educated than men and the polarizing nature of social media sites. This sex gap has been noticeable since the 2000s, but has widened since the mid-2010s. This growing difference has also been observed among young adults in China and South Korea.[209]
【参考译文】然而，这些广泛趋势掩盖了西方世界中存在的显著性别分歧，30岁以下的年轻女性在许多问题上倾向于左翼，而年轻男性则在从移民到性骚扰等多个问题上倾向于右翼。此外，许多国家年轻男性对女权主义的反弹相当强烈；而年长男性在这个问题上往往与各年龄段的女性持类似观点。这种现象的可能原因包括女性普遍比男性接受较好的教育以及社交媒体网站的极化性质。这种性别差距自2000年代以来就很明显，但自2010年代中期以来已经扩大。这种越来越明显的差异也在中国和韩国的年轻成年人中观察到。

Members of Generation Z who are active in politics are more likely than their elders to avoid buying from or working for companies that do not share their sociopolitical views, and they take full advantage of the Internet as activists.[127]
【参考译文】在政治方面积极参与的Z世代成员比他们的长辈更有可能避免购买或为不分享他们社会政治观点的公司工作，并充分利用互联网作为活动家。

Politicians and political parties that primarily focus on appearing in traditional media risk being unable to connect to and garner support from Generation Z. Video-sharing platform TikTok played an important role in the outcome of the 2019 European Parliament elections.[202]
【参考译文】那些主要关注出现在传统媒体上的政客和政党面临无法与Z世代建立联系和赢得支持的风险。视频分享平台TikTok在2019年欧洲议会选举的结果中发挥了重要作用。

正文9. 宗教趋势 | Religious tendencies

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See also: Secularization, Desecularization, Postsecularism, and Relationship between religion and science
【另请参阅：世俗化、非世俗化、后世俗主义以及宗教与科学之间的关系】

In the West, Generation Z is the least religious generation in history.[210][211][212] More members of Generation Z describe themselves as nonbelievers than any previous generation and reject religious affiliation, though many of them still describe themselves as spiritual.[212] In the United States, Generation Z has twice as many self-identified atheists as prior generations.[213]
【参考译文】在西方，Z世代是历史上最不信奉宗教的一代。比起以往的任何一代，更多的Z世代成员自称为非信徒，拒绝宗教从属，尽管其中许多人仍自称为有宗教信仰。在美国，Z世代自认为无神论者的人数是之前各代的两倍。

The 2016 British Social Attitudes Survey found that 71% of people between the ages of 18 and 24 had no religion, compared to 62% the year before. A 2018 ComRes survey found that slightly more than one in two of those aged 18 to 24 reported a positive experience with Christians and Christianity. Two-thirds of the same age group have never attended church; among the remaining third, 20% went a few times a year, and 2% multiple times per week. 12% of respondents aged 18 to 24 agreed with the claim that Christians were a bad influence on society, compared to just over half who disagreed. For comparison, 14% of those aged 25 to 34 agreed. In all, 51% of Britons disagreed with the same while 10% agreed.[214] According to British Office for National Statistics (ONS), people under the age of 40 in England and Wales are more likely to consider themselves irreligious rather than Christian.[215]
【参考译文】2016年的英国社会态度调查发现，在18至24岁年龄段的人中，71%没有宗教信仰，而前一年这一比例为62%。2018年的ComRes调查发现，在18至24岁的人群中，略超过一半的人对基督教徒和基督教有积极的体验。同年龄组中有三分之二从未参加过教堂；在剩下的三分之一中，有20%每年去几次，有2%每周多次去。12%的18至24岁受访者同意基督徒对社会有负面影响的说法，而略超半数持否定态度。相比之下，25至34岁的人中有14%同意这一说法。总体而言，51%的英国人持否定观点，10%持同意观点。根据英国国家统计局（ONS）的数据，英格兰和威尔士40岁以下的人更倾向于认为自己是无宗教信仰者，而不是基督徒。

正文10. 危险行为 | Risky behavours

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10.1 青少年怀孕 | Adolescent pregnancy

Adolescent pregnancy has been in decline during the early 21st century all across the industrialized world, due to the widespread availability of contraception and the growing avoidance of sexual intercourse among teenagers.[216] In the European Union and the United Kingdom, teenage parenthood has fallen 58% and 69%, respectively, between the 1990s and the 2020s.[217] In New Zealand, the pregnancy rate for females aged 15 to 19 dropped from 33 per 1,000 in 2008 to 16 in 2016. Highly urbanized regions had adolescent pregnancy rates well below the national average whereas Māori communities had much higher than average rates. In Australia, it was 15 per 1,000 in 2015.[216] In the United States, teenage pregnancy rates continued to decline, reaching 13.5 in 2022, the lowest on record.[218] Northern European countries, above all the Netherlands, have some of the world's lowest teenage pregnancy and abortion rates by implementing thorough sex education.[219] 【参考译文】21世纪初，整个工业化世界中的青少年怀孕率一直在下降，这主要是由于避孕措施的广泛可获取性以及青少年中性行为的日益避免[216]。在欧盟和英国，青少年为人父母的比例分别在1990年代至2020年代之间下降了58%和69%[217]。在新西兰，15至19岁女性的怀孕率从2008年的每千人33例下降到了2016年的每千人16例。高度城市化的地区青少年怀孕率远低于全国平均水平，而毛利社区的比率则远高于平均水平。在澳大利亚，2015年这一数字为每千人15例[216]。在美国，青少年怀孕率持续下降，2022年达到每千人13.5例，创下历史新低[218]。北欧国家，尤其是荷兰，通过实施全面的性教育，拥有世界上最低的青少年怀孕和堕胎率[219]。

10.2 酗酒和药物滥用 | Alcoholism and substance use

2020 data from the U.K. Office for National Statistics (ONS) showed on a per-capita basis, members of Generation Z binged on alcohol 20% less often than Millennials. However, 9.9% of people aged 16 to 24 consumed at least one drug in the past month, usually cannabis, or more than twice the share of the population between the ages of 16 and 59. "Cannabis has now taken over from the opiates in terms of the most people in treatment for addiction," psychopharmacologist Val Curran of the University College London (UCL) told The Telegraph. Moreover, the quality and affordability of various addictive drugs have improved in recent years, making them an appealing alternative to alcoholic beverages for many young people, who now have the ability to arrange a meeting with a dealer via social media. Addiction psychiatrist Adam Winstock of UCL found using his Global Drug Survey that young people rated cocaine more highly than alcohol on the basis of value for money, 4.8 compared to 4.7 out of 10.[14] 【参考译文】来自英国国家统计局（ONS）的2020年数据显示，按人均计算，Z世代成员酗酒的频率比千禧一代减少了20%。然而，16至24岁人群中，9.9%的人在过去一个月内至少使用了一种药物，通常是大麻，或者说是16至59岁人口中超过两倍的比例。“在治疗成瘾方面，大麻现在已经取代了鸦片类药物，成为最多人接受治疗的药物。”伦敦大学学院（UCL）的精神药理学家Val Curran告诉《每日电讯报》。此外，近年来各种成瘾性药物的质量和可负担性都有所提高，对许多年轻人来说，这使它们成为酒精饮料的一种吸引人的替代品，现在他们能够通过社交媒体安排与毒贩的会面。UCL的成瘾精神病学家Adam Winstock通过他的全球毒品调查发现，年轻人在性价比的基础上给可卡因的评分高于酒精，分别是4.8和4.7（满分10分）[14]。

As of 2019, cannabis was legal for both medical and recreational use in Uruguay, Canada, and 33 states in the US.[220] In the United States, Generation Z is the first to be born into a time when the legalization of marijuana at the federal level is being seriously considered.[221] While adolescents (people aged 12 to 17) in the late 2010s were more likely to avoid both alcohol and marijuana compared to their predecessors from 20 years before, college-aged youths are more likely than their elders to consume marijuana.[13] Marijuana use in Western democracies was three times the global average, as of 2012, and in the U.S., the typical age of first use is 16.[222] This is despite the fact that marijuana use is linked to some risks for young people,[220][223] such as in the impairment of cognitive abilities and school performance, though a causality has not been established in this case.[224] 【参考译文】截至2019年，乌拉圭、加拿大和美国的33个州已将大麻合法用于医疗和娱乐用途[220]。在美国，Z世代是第一个出生在一个时代的人群，这个时代正在认真考虑在联邦层面合法化大麻[221]。尽管2010年代末的青少年（12至17岁的人）比20年前的前辈更可能避免酒精和大麻，但大学年龄的年轻人比他们的长辈更可能吸食大麻[13]。在西式民主国家中，大麻的使用率是全球平均水平的三倍，截至2012年，并且在美国，初次使用大麻的典型年龄是16岁[222]。尽管如此，尽管大麻使用与年轻人的一些风险有关[220][223]，例如认知能力和学校表现的损伤，但在这个案例中并没有确立因果关系[224]。

10.3 青少年犯罪 | Youth crime

During the 2010s, when most of Generation Z experienced some or all of their adolescence, reductions in youth crime were seen in some Western countries. A report looking at statistics from 2018 to 2019 noted that the numbers of young people aged ten to seventeen in England and Wales being cautioned or sentenced for criminal activity had fallen by 83% over the previous decade, while those entering the youth justice system for the first time had fallen by 85%.[225] In 2006, 3,000 youths in England and Wales were detained for criminal activity; ten years later, that number fell below 1,000.[11] In Europe, teenagers were less likely to fight than before.[11] Research from Australia suggested that crime rates among adolescents had consistently declined between 2010 and 2019.[226] 【参考译文】在2010年代，当Z世代中的大多数人经历了部分或全部的青春期，一些西方国家的青少年犯罪率出现了下降。一份审视2018至2019年统计数据的报告指出，在英格兰和威尔士，因刑事活动而受到警告或判刑的10至17岁年轻人数量在过去十年中下降了83%，而首次进入青少年司法系统的年轻人数量下降了85%[225]。2006年，英格兰和威尔士有3000名青年因刑事活动被拘留；十年后，这一数字降至1000以下[11]。在欧洲，青少年打架的概率比以前降低了[11]。澳大利亚的研究表明，2010年至2019年间，青少年犯罪率持续下降[226]。

In a 2014 report, Statistics Canada stated that police-reported crimes committed by persons between the ages of 12 and 17 had been falling steadily since 2006 as part of a larger trend of decline from a peak in 1991. Between 2000 and 2014, youth crimes plummeted 42%, above the drop for overall crime of 34%. In fact, between the late 2000s and mid-2010s, the fall was especially rapid. This was primarily driven by a 51% drop in theft of items worth no more than CAN$5,000 and burglary. The most common types of crime committed by Canadian adolescents were theft and violence. At school, the most frequent offenses were possession of cannabis, common assault, and uttering threats. Overall, although they made up only 7% of the population, adolescents stood accused of 13% of all crimes in Canada. In addition, mid- to late-teens were more likely to be accused of crimes than any other age group in the country.[227] 【参考译文】在2014年的一份报告中，加拿大统计局指出，警方报告的12至17岁人员犯下的罪行自2006年起持续稳定下降，这是自1991年峰值以来更大趋势的一部分。2000年至2014年间，青少年犯罪骤降42%，高于总体犯罪下降的34%。实际上，在2000年代后期至2010年代中期，下降尤其迅速。这主要归因于价值不超过5000加元物品的盗窃和入室盗窃下降了51%。加拿大青少年犯下的最常见类型的犯罪是盗窃和暴力。在学校，最常见的违法行为是持有大麻、普通袭击和发出威胁。总体而言，尽管青少年仅占人口的7%，但他们被指控为加拿大所有犯罪的13%。此外，中晚期青少年比该国任何其他年龄段的人更可能被控犯罪[227]。

正文12.3 观看色情片的情况 | Pornography viewing

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

While pornography is made for entertainment, teenagers are increasingly turning to it as a source of information on sexuality,[258] especially what to do during a sexual encounter, as teachers tend to focus on contraception.[259] In fact, pornography is reaching an increasingly large youth audience—as young as people in their early teenage years—on not just social networks, but also dedicated websites, thanks to their electronic devices and the influence of their friends.[258][260][259] Although parents generally believe adolescents who view pornography for pleasure tend to be boys, surveys and interviews reveal that this behavior is also common among girls.[259] A 2020 report by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC)—available only by request due to the presence of graphic materials—suggests that parents are either in denial or are completely oblivious to the prevalence of pornography viewership by adolescents, with three quarters telling researchers they do not believe their children consumed such materials.[259] Over half of the teenagers interviewed told researchers they had viewed pornography, though the actual number is likely higher due to the sensitivity of this topic.[259] Many interviewees told researchers they felt anxious about their body image and the expectations of their potential sexual partners as a result of viewing, and their concerns over sexual violence. About one-third of the British population watches these films, according to industry estimates.[259]
【参考译文】虽然色情内容原本是为了娱乐，但越来越多的青少年将其作为了解性知识的来源，尤其是在性行为过程中应采取的行为，因为教师往往侧重于避孕教育[258]。事实上，色情内容正在触及越来越多的年轻观众，甚至包括十几岁早期的年轻人，不仅仅是在社交网络上，还有专门的网站，这得益于他们的电子设备和朋友的影响[258][260][259]。尽管父母普遍认为，出于娱乐目的观看色情内容的青少年往往是男孩，但调查和访谈显示，这种行为在女孩中也很常见[259]。2020年，英国电影分级委员会（BBFC）发布了一份报告，由于含有图形材料，该报告只能应请求提供，报告显示，父母要么否认，要么完全不知道青少年观看色情内容的普遍性，四分之三的父母告诉研究人员，他们不相信自己的孩子会消费此类材料[259]。超过半数的受访青少年告诉研究人员，他们曾经观看过色情内容，但实际数字可能更高，因为这个话题非常敏感[259]。许多受访者告诉研究人员，由于观看色情内容，他们对自己的身体形象和潜在性伴侣的期望感到焦虑，以及他们对性暴力的担忧。根据行业估计，大约三分之一的英国人口会观看这些影片[259]。