不便外发的段落 | 雅加达 / Jakarta

正文2. 历史 | History

2.3 独立时期 | Independence era

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After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,[37] and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta.
【参考译文】第二次世界大战结束后，印尼民族主义者于 1945 年 8 月 17 日宣布独立[37]，雅加达市政府于次月更名为雅加达国家行政机构。印尼民族革命期间，印尼共和派撤出盟军占领的雅加达，并在日惹建立首都。

After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.[31] With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games, Sukarno, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture.[38] Projects included a cloverleaf interchange, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.[39] The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor.
【参考译文】在获得完全独立后，雅加达于 1950 年再次成为国家首都。[31] 雅加达被选为 1962 年亚运会的主办国，苏加诺将雅加达设想成一个伟大的国际化城市，于是发起了政府资助的大型项目，其中公开体现了民族主义和现代主义的建筑风格。[38] 项目包括一个四叶草式立交桥、一条主要林荫大道（Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman）、国家纪念碑等纪念碑、印尼酒店、一个购物中心和一座计划作为 CONEFO 总部的新建筑。 1965 年 10 月，雅加达发生了一次未遂政变，六名高级将领被杀，引发了一场暴力的反共清洗，造成至少 50 万人死亡，其中包括一些华裔。[39] 这一事件标志着苏哈托新秩序的开始。第一届政府由市长领导，直到 1960 年底，市长职位改为省长。雅加达的最后一任市长是苏迪罗 (Soediro)，直到苏马尔诺 (Soemarno Sosroatmodjo) 接替他担任省长。

In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.[40] Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.[41] Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,[42]— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.[43] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.[44] The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.
【参考译文】1966 年，雅加达被宣布为“特别首都区”（Daerah Khusus Ibukota），地位与省级相当。[40] 根据 1974 年第 5 号有关地区政府的法律，雅加达特别首都区被确认为印度尼西亚的首都，也是该国当时 26 个省之一。[41] 阿里·萨迪金中将于 1966 年至 1977 年担任省长；他修复了道路和桥梁，鼓励艺术发展，建造了医院和大量学校。他清除了贫民窟居民，用于新的开发项目——其中一些是为了苏哈托家族的利益，[42] 并试图消除人力车和禁止街头小贩。他开始控制向城市的移民，以遏制过度拥挤和贫困。[43] 外国投资促成了房地产繁荣，改变了雅加达的面貌。[44] 1997 年亚洲金融危机爆发，雅加达的繁荣时期宣告结束，雅加达也因此成为暴力、抗议和政治博弈的中心。

现代的雅加达受交通拥堵[8][9]、空气污染、地面沉降、洪涝灾害等多项问题困扰。雅加达曾被嘉实多和TomTom评为“全球最堵车城市”。[10]雅加达约40%的面积低于海平面，地面以每年25厘米的速度下沉。由于北部临海地区被开发，城市面临海水倒灌风险。水体污染严重，河流中时常漂满污物，水源被污染。此外，雅加达还常年因苏门答腊等地烧芭而产生雾霾天气。由于面临紧迫的土地下沉危机，以及上述的这些环境影响；加上印尼政府希望将经济发展的重心转移到加里曼丹岛东加里曼丹省(加里曼丹岛)的东部地区，因此2019年宣布迁都；但受到疫情影响，预计最快2024年开始搬迁。[11]

2022年1月18日，印尼政府宣布自2024年起将分阶段将首都自雅加达迁至加里曼丹岛东加里曼丹省的努桑塔拉、距离雅加达东北方约2,000公里。[12]。努桑塔拉在印尼文中有“群岛”之意。[11]