不便外发的段落 | 塔塔集团 / Tata Group

正文6. 批评和争议 | Criticism and controversies

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

The company has attracted controversy for reports of political corruption, cronyism,[40] theft,[41] mass killings,[42][43][a] and exploitation of its customers, Indian citizens,[48][49][50] and natural resources.[51][52]
【参考译文】据报道，该公司存在政治腐败、任人唯亲[40]、盗窃[41]、大规模屠杀[42][43][a]以及剥削客户、印度公民[48][49][50]和自然资源[51][52]等行为，引发争议。

【英文词条原注a】Frequently, mass killings are aimed at displacing indigenous land claims.[44][45][46][47]
【参考译文】大规模屠杀通常是为了剥夺土著人的土地所有权。[44][45][46][47]

6.1 喀拉拉邦慕那尔 | Munnar, Kerala

The Kerala Government filed an affidavit in the high court alleging that Tata Tea had "grabbed" forest land of 3,000 acres (12 km2) at Munnar. The Tatas provided that they possessed 58,741.82 acres (237.7197 km2) of land, which they are allowed to retain under the Kannan Devan Hill (Resumption of Lands) Act, 1971, and there was a shortage of 278.23 hectares (2.7823 km2) in that. The Chief Minister of Kerala V.S. Achuthanandan, who vowed to evict all on government land in Munnar, formed a special squad for the Munnar land takeover mission and started acquiring back properties. However, the mission was aborted due to both influential landholders and opposition from Achuthanandan's own party.[53]
【参考译文】喀拉拉邦政府向高等法​​院提交了一份宣誓书，指控塔塔茶业公司“夺取”了蒙纳尔 3,000 英亩（12 平方公里）的林地。塔塔茶业公司声称，他们拥有 58,741.82 英亩（237.7197 平方公里）的土地，根据 1971 年《收回土地法》，他们获准保留这些土地，但其中缺少 278.23 公顷（2.7823 平方公里）。喀拉拉邦首席部长 V.S. 阿楚坦南丹发誓要驱逐蒙纳尔所有政府土地上的居民，他为蒙纳尔土地接管任务组建了一个特别小组，并开始收回土地。然而，由于有影响力的土地所有者和阿楚坦南丹所在政党的反对，任务被迫中止。[53]

6.2 奥里萨邦卡林加纳加尔 | Kalinganagar, Odisha

On 2 January 2006, Kalinganagar, Tribal Orissa villagers protested against the construction of a new steel plant for Tata Steel on land historically owned by them. Some of the villagers had been evicted without adequate relocation. Police retribution was brutal: 37 protesters were injured and 13 killed, including 3 women and a 13-year-old boy. One policeman was hacked to death by a mob after police had opened fire on protestors with tear gas and rubber bullets. Family members of the deceased villagers later claimed that the bodies had been mutilated during post-mortem examination.[54]
【参考译文】2006 年 1 月 2 日，奥里萨邦卡林加纳加尔的村民抗议塔塔钢铁公司在他们过去拥有的土地上建造一座新钢铁厂。一些村民被驱逐，没有得到适当的安置。警方的报复非常残酷：37 名抗议者受伤，13 人死亡，其中包括 3 名妇女和一名 13 岁的男孩。一名警察在警察用催泪瓦斯和橡皮子弹向抗议者开火后被一群暴徒砍死。死者家属后来声称，尸体在尸检时被肢解。[54]

6.3 向缅甸军政权提供物资 | Supplies to Burma's military regime

In December 2006, Myanmar's chief of general staff, General Thura Shwe Mann, visited the Tata Motors plant in Pune.[55] In 2009, Tata Motors announced that it would manufacture trucks in Myanmar. Tata Motors reported that these contracts to supply hardware and automobiles to Burma's military were subsequently criticised by human rights activists.[56][57]
【参考译文】2006 年 12 月，缅甸总参谋长 Thura Shwe Mann 将军参观了位于浦那的塔塔汽车工厂。[55] 2009 年，塔塔汽车宣布将在缅甸生产卡车。塔塔汽车报告称，这些向缅甸军方供应硬件和汽车的合同随后受到人权活动家的批评。[56][57]

6.4 辛古尔土地征用 | Singur land acquisition

The Singur controversy[58] in West Bengal was a series of protests by locals and political parties over the forced acquisition, eviction, and inadequate compensation to those farmers displaced for the Tata Nano plant, during which Mamata Banerjee's party was widely criticised as acting for political gain. Despite the support of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) state government, Tata eventually pulled the project out of West Bengal, citing safety concerns. Narendra Modi, then Chief Minister of Gujarat, made land available for the Nano project.[59]
【参考译文】西孟加拉邦的辛古尔争议[58]是当地人和政党对塔塔 Nano 工厂强制征用、驱逐和对流离失所农民补偿不足而发起的一系列抗议活动，在此期间，玛玛塔·班纳吉的政党被广泛批评为出于政治利益行事。尽管得到了印度共产党（马克思主义）州政府的支持，但塔塔最终还是以安全问题为由将该项目撤出了西孟加拉邦。时任古吉拉特邦首席部长的纳伦德拉·莫迪为 Nano 项目提供了土地。[59]

On 31 August 2016, in a historic judgement, the Honorable Supreme Court of India set aside the land acquisition by the West Bengal Government in 2006 that had facilitated Tata Motors' Nano plant, stating that the West Bengal government had not taken possession of the land legally, and were now required to repossess and return it to local farmers within 12 weeks without compensation.[60]
【参考译文】2016 年 8 月 31 日，印度最高法院作出了一项历史性判决，撤销了西孟加拉邦政府 2006 年为塔塔汽车 Nano 工厂建设而进行的土地收购，指出西孟加拉邦政府并未合法占有这些土地，现须在 12 周内收回土地并将其归还给当地农民，且不提供任何补偿。[60]

6.5 奥里萨邦达姆拉港 | Dhamra Port, Odisha

The Port of Dhamara has received significant coverage, sparking controversy in India, and in Tata's emerging global markets.[61] The Dhamra port, an equal joint venture between Tata Steel and Larsen & Toubro, has been criticised for its proximity to the Gahirmatha Sanctuary and Bhitarkanika National Park by Indian and international organisations, including Greenpeace; Gahirmatha Beach is one of the world's largest mass nesting sites for the olive ridley turtle, and India's second largest mangrove forest, Bhitarkanika, is a designated Ramsar site, and critics claimed that the port could disrupt mass nesting at Gahirmtha beaches as well as the ecology of the Bitharkanika mangrove forest.[62][63] Tata Steel employed mitigation measures set by the project's official advisor, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the company pledged to "adopt all its recommendations without exception" when conservation organisations asserted that a thorough environmental impact analysis had not been done for the project, which had undergone changes in size and specifications since it was first proposed.[64]
【参考译文】达玛拉港得到了广泛报道，引发了印度和塔塔新兴全球市场的争议。[61] 达玛拉港是塔塔钢铁公司和拉森特布罗公司的合资企业，因其靠近加希尔玛塔保护区和比塔卡尼卡国家公园而受到印度和国际组织（包括绿色和平组织）的批评；加希尔玛塔海滩是世界上最大的榄蠵龟群体筑巢地之一，印度第二大红树林比塔卡尼卡是指定的拉姆萨尔湿地，批评者声称，该港口可能会扰乱加希尔玛塔海滩的群体筑巢以及比塔卡尼卡红树林的生态。[62][63]塔塔钢铁公司采用了项目官方顾问国际自然保护联盟 (IUCN) 制定的缓解措施。当保护组织声称该项目没有进行彻底的环境影响分析时，塔塔钢铁公司承诺“毫无例外地采纳其所有建议”，因为自首次提出以来，该项目的规模和规格就经历了多次变化。[64]

6.6 坦桑尼亚拟建的苏打提取厂 | Proposed soda extraction plant in Tanzania

In 2007, Tata Group joined forces with a Tanzanian company to build a soda ash extraction plant in Tanzania.[65] Environmental activists oppose the plant because it would be near Lake Natron, and it has a very high chance of affecting the lake's ecosystem and its neighbouring dwellers,[66] jeopardising endangered lesser flamingo birds. Lake Natron is where two-thirds of lesser flamingos reproduce.[67] Producing soda ash involves drawing out salt water from the lake, and then disposing the water back to the lake. This process could interrupt the chemical makeup of the lake.[65] 22 African nations signed a petition to stop its construction.[65]
【参考译文】2007 年，塔塔集团与一家坦桑尼亚公司联手在坦桑尼亚建造了一座苏打灰提取厂。[65] 环保人士反对该工厂，因为该工厂位于纳特龙湖附近，极有可能影响湖的生态系统及其附近的居民，[66] 危及濒临灭绝的小红鹳。三分之二的小红鹳在纳特龙湖繁殖。[67] 生产苏打灰需要从湖中抽出盐水，然后将水排回湖中。这一过程可能会破坏湖泊的化学成分。[65] 22 个非洲国家签署了一份请愿书，要求停止该工厂的建设。[65]

6.7 Epic Systems 商业秘密案判决 | Epic Systems trade-secret case judgement

In April 2016, a U.S. Federal Grand Jury awarded Epic Systems a US$940 million judgement against Tata Consultancy Services and Tata America International Corp. Filed 31 October 2014; the suit charged that "6,477 unauthorized downloads could be used to enhance Tata's competing product, Med Mantra."[41][68][69] In 2017, U.S. District Court Judge William Conley reduced the Award to $420 million; the company states that the judgement is also being appealed, as "not supported by evidence presented during the trial and a strong appeal can be made to superior court to fully set aside the jury verdict.”[70]
【参考译文】2016 年 4 月，美国联邦大陪审团判决 Epic Systems 向塔塔咨询服务公司和塔塔美国国际公司赔偿 9.4 亿美元。该诉讼于 2014 年 10 月 31 日提起；诉讼指控“6,477 次未经授权的下载可用于增强塔塔的竞争产品 Med Mantra。”[41][68][69] 2017 年，美国地方法院法官威廉·康利 (William Conley) 将赔偿金额降至 4.2 亿美元；该公司表示，该判决也在上诉中，因为“审判期间提供的证据不支持该判决，可以向上级法院提出强烈上诉，以完全推翻陪审团的裁决。”[70]

6.8 2018 年 NCLT 判决 | 2018 NCLT verdict

In July 2018, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), which "adjudicates issues relating to Indian companies,"[71] issued a verdict in the company's favor on charges of mismanagement leveled in 2016 by ousted chairman, Cyrus Mistry.[72]
【参考译文】2018 年 7 月，负责“裁决与印度公司有关的问题”的国家公司法法庭（NCLT）[71] ，对被罢免的董事长赛勒斯·米斯特里（Cyrus Mistry）于 2016 年提出的管理不善指控，做出了对该公司有利的判决。[72]