不便外发的段落 | 特斯拉公司 / Tesla, Inc.

正文8. 诉讼和争议 | Lawsuits and controversies

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

8.1 性骚扰 | Sexual harassment

In 2021, seven women came forward with claims of having faced sexual harassment and discrimination while working at Tesla's Fremont factory.[319] They accused the company of facilitating a culture of rampant sexual harassment. The women said they were consistently subjected to catcalling, unwanted advances, unwanted touching, and discrimination while at work. "I was so tired of the unwanted attention and the males gawking at me I proceeded to create barriers around me just so I could get some relief," Brooks told The Washington Post. "That was something I felt necessary just so I can do my job." Stories range from intimate groping to being called out to the parking lot for sex.[320]
【参考译文】2021年，有七名女性站出来声称在特斯拉弗里蒙特工厂工作期间遭遇了性骚扰和性别歧视。[319] 她们指责公司助长了一种性骚扰横行的文化。这些女性表示，她们在工作中经常遭受吹口哨、不受欢迎的追求、不当触摸及歧视。Brooks在接受《华盛顿邮报》采访时表示：“我厌倦了那些不请自来的关注和男性们的盯着我看，于是开始在我周围设置障碍，只是为了能得到一点喘息。这是我为了能够做好我的工作感到有必要去做的事情。”这些经历从被亲密地抚摸到被叫到停车场进行性行为不等。[320]

Women feared calling Human Resources for help as their supervisors were often participants.[321] Musk himself is not indicted, but most of the women pressing charges believe their abuse is connected to the behavior of CEO Elon Musk. They cite his crude remarks about women's bodies, wisecracks about starting a university that abbreviated to "T.IT.S", and his generally dismissive attitude towards reporting sexual harassment.[322] "What we're addressing for each of the lawsuits is just a shocking pattern of rampant harassment that exists at Tesla," said attorney David A. Lowe.[321] In 2017, another woman had accused Tesla of very similar behavior and was subsequently fired. In a statement to the Guardian, Tesla confirmed the company had fired her, saying it had thoroughly investigated the employee's allegations with the help of "a neutral, third-party expert" and concluded her complaints were unmerited.[323]
【参考译文】女性不敢打电话给人力资源部寻求帮助，因为她们的主管经常参与其中。[321] 马斯克本人没有被起诉，但大多数提出指控的女性认为她们受到的虐待与首席执行官埃隆·马斯克的行为有关。她们列举了他对女性身体的粗鲁言论、关于创办一所缩写为“T.IT.S”的大学的俏皮话，以及他对举报性骚扰的普遍不屑一顾的态度。[322] “我们在每起诉讼中要解决的只是特斯拉存在的令人震惊的猖獗骚扰模式，”律师大卫·A·洛威说。[321] 2017 年，另一名女性指控特斯拉有非常类似的行为，随后被解雇。特斯拉在给《卫报》的一份声明中证实，公司已经解雇了她，并表示已在“中立的第三方专家”的帮助下彻底调查了这名员工的指控，并得出结论，她的投诉是没有根据的。[323]

In May 2022, a California judge ruled that the sexual harassment lawsuit could move to court, rejecting Tesla's request for closed-door arbitration.[324]
【参考译文】2022 年 5 月，加州一名法官裁定，性骚扰诉讼可以移交法庭，驳回了特斯拉的闭门仲裁请求。[324]

8.2 劳动纠纷 | Labor disputes

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

See also: Tesla and unions【另请参阅：特斯拉与工会】

8.3 美国 | United States

In June 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) took issue with Tesla's use of nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) regarding customer repairs[325] and, in October 2021, the NHTSA formally asked Tesla to explain its NDA policy regarding customers invited into the FSD Beta.[326] Tesla has used NDAs on multiple occasions with both employees[327] and customers[328] to allegedly prevent possible negative coverage.[329][330]
【参考译文】2016 年 6 月，美国国家公路交通安全管理局 (NHTSA) 对特斯拉在客户维修方面使用保密协议 (NDA) 提出质疑[325]。2021 年 10 月，NHTSA 正式要求特斯拉解释其关于受邀参加 FSD Beta 测试的客户的保密协议政策[326]。特斯拉曾多次与员工[327]和客户[328]签署保密协议，据称是为了防止可能出现的负面报道[329][330]。

From 2014 to 2018, Tesla's Fremont Factory had three times as many Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) violations as the ten largest U.S. auto plants combined.[331] An investigation by the Reveal podcast alleged that Tesla "failed to report some of its serious injuries on legally mandated reports" to downplay the extent of injuries.[332]
【参考译文】2014 年至 2018 年，特斯拉弗里蒙特工厂的职业安全与健康管理局 (OSHA) 违规行为数量是美国十大汽车厂违规行为总和的三倍。[331] Reveal 播客的一项调查称，特斯拉“未能在法律要求的报告中报告一些严重伤害”，以淡化伤害程度。[332]

In January 2019, former Tesla security manager Sean Gouthro filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that the company had hacked employees' phones and spied on them, while also failing to report illegal activities to the authorities and shareholders.[333][334][335] Several legal cases have revolved around alleged whistleblower retaliation by Tesla. These include the dismissal of Tesla safety official Carlos Ramirez[336][337] and Tesla security employee Karl Hansen.[338] In 2020, the court ordered Hansen's case to arbitration.[339] In June 2022, the arbitrator filed an unopposed motion with the court stating Hansen "has failed to establish the claims...Accordingly his claims are denied, and he shall take nothing".[340]
【参考译文】2019年1月，特斯拉前安全经理Sean Gouthro提交了一份举报人投诉，指控公司侵入员工手机并监视他们，同时未能向当局和股东报告非法活动。[333][334][335] 多起法律案件围绕着特斯拉涉嫌对举报人的报复展开。这些案件包括解雇特斯拉安全官员Carlos Ramirez[336][337]和特斯拉安全雇员Karl Hansen。[338] 2020年，法庭命令Hansen的案件进行仲裁。[339] 2022年6月，仲裁员向法院提交了一份未遭反对的动议，称Hansen“未能确立其主张...因此，其主张被驳回，他将一无所获”。[340]

In September 2019, a California judge ruled that 12 actions in 2017 and 2018 by Musk and other Tesla executives violated labor laws because they sabotaged employee attempts to unionize.[341][342]
【参考译文】2019 年 9 月，加州一名法官裁定，马斯克和其他特斯拉高管在 2017 年和 2018 年的 12 项行为违反了劳动法，因为他们破坏了员工成立工会的努力。[341][342]

In March 2021, the US National Labor Relations Board ordered Musk to remove a tweet and reinstate a fired employee over union organization activities.[343][344] Later, after appealing, a federal appeals court upheld the decision.[345]
【参考译文】2021 年 3 月，美国国家劳工关系委员会因工会组织活动命令马斯克删除一条推文，并恢复一名被解雇员工的职位。[343][344] 后来，经过上诉，联邦上诉法院维持了这一决定。[345]

The California Civil Rights Department filed a suit in 2022 alleging "a pattern of racial harassment and bias" at the Tesla Fremont factory. As of April 2023, the department is also conducting a probe of the factory based on a 2021 complaint and claims that Tesla has been obstructing the investigation.[346]
【参考译文】加州民权部于 2022 年提起诉讼，指控特斯拉弗里蒙特工厂“存在种族骚扰和偏见”。截至 2023 年 4 月，该部门还根据 2021 年的投诉对该工厂进行调查，并声称特斯拉一直在妨碍调查。[346]

8.5 欺诈指控 | Fraud allegations

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

There have been numerous concerns about Tesla's financial reporting. In 2013, Bloomberg News questioned whether Tesla's financial reporting violated Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) reporting standards.[350] Fortune accused Tesla in 2016 of using creative accounting to show positive cash flow and quarterly profits.[351] In 2018, analysts expressed concerns over Tesla's accounts receivable balance.[352] In September 2019, the SEC questioned Tesla CFO Zach Kirkhorn about Tesla's warranty reserves and lease accounting.[353] In a letter to his clients, hedge fund manager David Einhorn, whose firm suffered losses from its short position against Tesla that quarter, accused Elon Musk in November 2019 of "significant fraud",[354][355] and publicly questioned Tesla's accounting practices, telling Musk that he was "beginning to wonder whether your accounts receivable exist."[356]
【参考译文】关于特斯拉财务报告的担忧屡见不鲜。2013年，彭博新闻社质疑特斯拉的财务报告是否违反了美国一般公认会计原则（GAAP）报告标准。[350] 2016年，《财富》杂志指责特斯拉利用创造性会计手段来展示正向现金流和季度利润。[351] 2018年，分析人士对特斯拉应收账款余额表达了担忧。[352] 2019年9月，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）就特斯拉的保修准备金和租赁会计问题询问了特斯拉首席财务官扎克·柯克霍恩。[353] 对冲基金经理大卫·艾因霍恩在2019年11月写给其客户的一封信中，指责埃隆·马斯克存在“重大欺诈”行为，[354][355] 并公开质疑特斯拉的会计做法，告诉马斯克他“开始怀疑你们的应收账款是否存在”。[356]

From 2012 to 2014, Tesla earned more than $295 million in Zero Emission Vehicle credits for a battery-swapping technology that was never made available to customers.[357] Staff at California Air Resources Board were concerned that Tesla was "gaming" the battery swap subsidies and in 2013 recommended eliminating the credits.[358]
【参考译文】2012 年至 2014 年，特斯拉因从未向客户提供的电池更换技术获得了超过 2.95 亿美元的零排放汽车补贴。[357] 加州空气资源委员会的工作人员担心特斯拉在“玩弄”电池更换补贴，并于 2013 年建议取消这些补贴。[358]

A consolidated shareholders lawsuit alleges that Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before the acquisition, that he and the Tesla board overpaid for SolarCity, ignored their conflicts of interest and breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the deal, and failed to disclose "troubling facts" essential to an analysis of the proposed acquisition.[359] The members of the board settled in 2020, leaving Musk as the only defendant.[360] In April 2022, the Delaware Court of Chancery ruled in favor of Musk,[361][362] and its ruling was upheld by the Delaware Supreme Court in June 2023.[363]
【参考译文】一项合并的股东诉讼指控马斯克在收购SolarCity之前就知道该公司即将破产，他和特斯拉董事会对SolarCity支付了过高价格，忽视了他们的利益冲突，并在交易中违反了他们的信托责任，且未能披露对于拟议收购分析至关重要的“令人不安的事实”。[359] 董事会成员在2020年达成和解，留下马斯克作为唯一的被告。[360] 2022年4月，特拉华衡平法院判决支持马斯克，[361][362] 该判决在2023年6月被特拉华州最高法院维持。[363]

In August 2018, Elon Musk tweeted, "Am considering taking Tesla private at $420. Funding secured."[364] The tweet caused the stock to initially rise but then drop when it was revealed to be false.[365][366][367] Musk settled fraud charges with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) over his false statements in September 2018. According to the terms of the settlement, Musk agreed to have his tweets reviewed by Tesla's in-house counsel, he was removed from his chairman role at Tesla temporarily, and two new independent directors were appointed to the company's board.[368] Tesla and Musk also paid civil penalties of $20 million each.[368] A civil class-action shareholder lawsuit over Musk's statements and other derivative lawsuits were also filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board of directors, as then constituted, in regard to claims and actions made that were associated with potentially going private.[369][370] In February 2023, a California jury unanimously found Musk and Tesla not liable in the class-action lawsuit.[371]
【参考译文】2018年8月，埃隆·马斯克在推特上写道：“正在考虑以每股420美元的价格将特斯拉私有化，资金已有保障。”[364] 这条推文起初使股价上涨，但随后因消息被证实不实而导致股价下跌。[365][366][367] 马斯克因这番虚假陈述于2018年9月与美国证券交易委员会（SEC）达成欺诈指控和解。根据和解条款，马斯克同意让特斯拉内部律师审查他的推文，他暂时被解除特斯拉董事长职务，并且公司董事会新增了两名独立董事。[368] 特斯拉和马斯克各自支付了2000万美元的民事罚款。[368] 由于与可能私有化相关的声明和行动，针对马斯克及当时构成的特斯拉董事会成员也提起了民事集体诉讼股东诉讼和其他衍生诉讼。[369][370] 2023年2月，加州一个陪审团一致裁决马斯克和特斯拉在集体诉讼案中无须承担责任。[371]

In September 2018, Tesla disclosed that it was under investigation by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) regarding its Model 3 production figures.[372] Authorities were investigating whether the company misled investors and made projections about its Model 3 production that it knew would be impossible to meet.[372] A stockholder class action lawsuit against Tesla related to Model 3 production numbers (unrelated to the FBI investigation) was dismissed in March 2019.[373][374][375]
【参考译文】2018年9月，特斯拉透露其正在接受美国联邦调查局（FBI）关于Model 3产量数据的调查。[372] 调查机构旨在查明特斯拉是否误导了投资者，并对其Model 3的产量做出了自己明知无法实现的预测。[372] 与Model 3产量数字相关的、与FBI调查无关的股东集体诉讼案于2019年3月被驳回。[373][374][375]

In May 2024, Reuters reported that US federal prosecutors were investigating whether the company committed securities or wire fraud by "misleading investors and consumers" about Autopilot and Full Self-Driving.[376]
【参考译文】2024 年 5 月，路透社报道称，美国联邦检察官正在调查该公司是否通过“误导投资者和消费者”在自动驾驶仪和全自动驾驶方面犯下证券欺诈或电信欺诈。[376]

8.4 欧洲 | Europe

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In October 2023, a strike was initiated by the Swedish labor union IF Metall against a Tesla subsidiary due to the company's refusal to sign a collective agreement. The strike initially involved approximately 120 mechanics at ten workshops servicing Tesla vehicles and later expanded via solidarity strikes to include services provided by postmen, electricians, and other workers involved with Tesla operations.[347][348][349]
【参考译文】2023 年 10 月，瑞典工会 IF Metall 发起罢工，抗议特斯拉的一家子公司拒绝签署集体协议。罢工最初涉及 10 家维修特斯拉汽车的车间约 120 名机械师，后来通过团结罢工扩大到邮递员、电工和其他参与特斯拉运营的工人。[347][348][349]

8.6 特斯拉美国经销商纠纷 | Tesla US dealership disputes

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

See also: Tesla US dealership disputes【另请参阅：特斯拉美国经销商纠纷】

Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not rely on franchised auto dealerships to sell vehicles and instead directly sells vehicles through its website and a network of company-owned stores. In some areas, Tesla operates locations called "galleries" which "educate and inform customers about our products, but such locations do not actually transact in the sale of vehicles."[142] This is because some jurisdictions, particularly in the United States, prohibit auto manufacturers from directly selling vehicles to consumers. Dealership associations have filed lawsuits to prevent direct sales. These associations argued that the franchise system protects consumers by encouraging dealers to compete with each other, lowering the price a customer pays. They also claimed that direct sales would allow manufacturers to undersell their own dealers.[145] The United States Federal Trade Commission ultimately disproved the associations' claims and recommended allowing direct manufacturer sale, which they concluded would save consumers 8% in average vehicle price.[377][378][379]
【参考译文】与其它汽车制造商不同，特斯拉并不依赖特许经营的汽车经销商来销售车辆，而是通过其网站和自有的一系列门店直接销售。在某些地区，特斯拉运营着一些称为“展厅”的场所，这些地方“旨在教育和告知消费者有关我们产品的信息，但实际上并不进行车辆销售交易”。[142] 这是因为一些司法管辖区，尤其是美国的一些州，禁止汽车制造商直接向消费者销售车辆。经销商协会曾提起诉讼以阻止直销模式。这些协会认为，特许经营体系通过鼓励经销商之间的竞争，降低了消费者支付的价格，从而保护了消费者的利益。它们还声称，直销会让制造商压低价格，与自己的经销商形成竞争。然而，美国联邦贸易委员会最终驳斥了这些协会的说法，并建议允许制造商直接销售，他们得出结论认为，这样做平均能为消费者节省8%的购车费用。[377][378][379]

Tesla has also lobbied state governments for the right to directly sell cars.[380] The company has argued that directly operating stores improves consumer education about electric vehicles,[142] because dealerships would sell both Tesla and gas-powered vehicles. Doing this, according to the company, would then set up a conflict of interest for the dealers since properly advertising the benefits of an electric car would disparage the gas-powered vehicles, creating a disincentive to dealership EV sales.[145] Musk himself further contended that dealers would have a disincentive to sell electric vehicles because they require less maintenance and therefore would reduce after-sales service revenue, a large profit center for most dealerships.[112]
【参考译文】特斯拉还向各州政府游说，争取直接销售汽车的权利。[380] 公司认为，直接经营门店能更好地提升消费者对电动车的认知，因为经销商同时销售特斯拉电动车和燃油车。特斯拉指出，这样做会让经销商产生利益冲突，因为充分宣传电动车的优点可能会贬损燃油车的价值，从而抑制了经销商销售电动车的积极性。[145]马斯克本人进一步争辩说，经销商会有不积极推销电动车的动机，因为电动车需要较少的维护，这会减少售后维修服务的收入，而这一部分通常是大多数经销商的主要利润来源之一。[112]

8.7 知识产权 | Intellectual property

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In January 2021, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Alex Khatilov alleging that the former employee stole company information by downloading files related to its Warp Drive software to his personal Dropbox account.[381] Khatilov denies the allegation that he was acting as a "willful and malicious thief" and attributes his actions to an accidental data transfer.[382] The case was settled in August 2021 through mediation.[383]
【参考译文】2021年1月，特斯拉对Alex Khatilov提起诉讼，指控这位前员工通过将其Warp Drive软件相关文件下载到个人Dropbox账户中窃取公司信息。[381] Khatilov否认了他是“故意和恶意的小偷”这一指控，并将自己的行为归咎于数据传输的意外错误。[382] 该案件于2021年8月通过调解得到解决。[383]

Tesla has sued former employees in the past for similar actions, including those who left to work for a rival such as XPeng and Zoox;[384] for example, Guangzhi Cao, a Tesla engineer, was accused of uploading Tesla Autopilot source code to his iCloud account;[385] Tesla and Cao settled in April 2021, in which Cao was ordered to monetarily compensate Tesla.[386]
【参考译文】特斯拉过去曾因类似行为起诉过前员工，其中一些人离职后加入了竞争对手，如小鹏汽车(XPeng)和Zoox；[384] 例如，特斯拉工程师Guangzhi Cao被指控将特斯拉Autopilot源代码上传到他的iCloud账户；[385] 特斯拉与Cao的纠纷在2021年4月达成和解，Cao被要求向特斯拉进行金钱赔偿。[386]

8.8 侵占 | Misappropriation

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In 2018, a class action was filed against Musk and the members of Tesla's board alleging they breached their fiduciary duties by approving Musk's stock-based compensation plan.[370] Musk received the first portion of his stock options payout, worth more than $700 million in May 2020.[387]
【参考译文】2018年，针对马斯克及特斯拉董事会成员的集体诉讼被提出，指控他们在批准马斯克基于股票的薪酬计划时违反了他们的信托责任。[370] 马斯克于2020年5月收到了他的第一笔股票期权奖励，价值超过7亿美元。[387]

In July 2023, Tesla board members returned $735 million to the company to settle a claim from a 2020 lawsuit alleging misappropriation of 11 million stock options granted to Elon Musk, Kimbal Musk, Larry Ellison, and others from 2017 to 2020.[388]
【参考译文】2023年7月，特斯拉董事会成员向公司返还了7.35亿美元，以解决一起源自2020年的诉讼，该诉讼指控2017年至2020年间不当分配了1100万股股票期权给埃隆·马斯克、金巴尔·马斯克、拉里·埃里森等人。[388]

8.9 环境违法行为 | Environmental violations

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In 2019, The United States Environmental Protection Agency fined Tesla for hazardous waste violations that occurred in 2017.[389] In June 2019, Tesla began negotiating penalties for 19 environmental violations from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District;[390] the violations took place around Tesla Fremont's paint shop, where there had been at least four fires between 2014 and 2019.[391] Environmental violations and permit deviations at Tesla's Fremont Factory increased from 2018 to 2019 with the production ramp of the Model 3.[392]
【参考译文】2019年，美国环境保护署因特斯拉在2017年发生的危险废物违规行为对其进行了罚款。[389] 2019年6月，特斯拉开始与湾区空气质量管理局就19项环境违规行为的处罚进行谈判；[390] 这些违规行为发生在特斯拉弗里蒙特工厂的涂装车间周围，该车间在2014年至2019年间至少发生了四次火灾。[391] 随着2018年至2019年Model 3生产加速，特斯拉弗里蒙特工厂的环境违规和许可偏差有所增加。[392]

In June 2018, Tesla employee Martin Tripp leaked information that Tesla was scrapping or reworking up to 40% of its raw materials at the Nevada Gigafactory.[393] After Tesla fired him for the leak, Tripp filed a lawsuit and claimed Tesla's security team gave police a false tip that he was planning a mass shooting at the Nevada factory.[394][333] The court ruled in Tesla's favor on September 17, 2020.[395][396]
【参考译文】2018年6月，特斯拉员工马丁·特里普泄露消息称，特斯拉在内华达州超级工厂报废或返工高达40%的原材料。[393] 特斯拉因其泄密而解雇他之后，特里普提起诉讼，并声称特斯拉安全团队向警方提供了虚假情报，称他计划在内华达工厂发动大规模枪击。[394][333] 法院于2020年9月17日作出了有利于特斯拉的裁决。[395][396]

In January 2024, 25 California counties sued Tesla, accusing the company of violating state health and safety codes by illegally disposing of hazardous waste. Later that week, the case was settled on the conditions that Tesla pay US$1.5 million and admit to acting "intentionally" and "negligent". On top of that, Tesla also agreed to train its employees on hazardous waste disposal and to have 10 percent of Tesla's facilities audited for waste disposal for the next 5 years.[397][398][399]
【参考译文】2024年1月，加州25个县对特斯拉提起诉讼，指控该公司违反州健康和安全法规，非法处置危险废物。当周晚些时候，此案以特斯拉同意支付150万美元、承认“故意”和“疏忽”行事的条件达成和解。除此之外，特斯拉还同意对其员工进行危险废物处理培训，并在未来五年内对其10%的设施进行废物处理审计。[397][398][399]

8.10 财产损失 | Property damage

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In August 2019, Walmart filed a multi-million-dollar lawsuit against Tesla, claiming that Tesla's "negligent installation and maintenance" of solar panels caused roof fires at seven Walmart stores dating back to 2012.[400] Walmart reached a settlement with Tesla in November 2019; the terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[401]
【参考译文】2019年8月，沃尔玛对特斯拉提起诉讼，索赔数百万美元，称特斯拉太阳能板的“疏忽安装和维护”导致自2012年以来七家沃尔玛店铺发生屋顶火灾。[400] 沃尔玛与特斯拉于2019年11月达成和解，和解条款未公开。[401]

In April 2021, a Norwegian judge found Tesla guilty of throttling charging speed through a 2019 over-the-air software update, after they failed to respond to the lawsuit. The 30 customers who were part of the lawsuit were awarded 136,000 Norwegian kroner each ($16,000).[402][403]
【参考译文】2021年4月，挪威一名法官裁定特斯拉在未回应诉讼的情况下，通过2019年的空中软件更新限制了充电速度，被判有罪。参与诉讼的30名顾客每人获得13.6万挪威克朗（约1.6万美元）的赔偿。[402][403]

8.11 种族主义 | Racism

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

Tesla has faced numerous complaints regarding workplace harassment and racial discrimination,[404][405] with one former Tesla worker who attempted to sue the employer describing it as "a hotbed of racist behavior".[406] As of December 2021, three percent of leadership at the company are African American.[407] A former black worker described the work environment at Tesla's Buffalo plant as a "very racist place".[408] Tesla and SpaceX's treatment of Juneteenth in 2020 also came under fire.[409] Approximately 100 former employees have submitted signed statements alleging that Tesla discriminates specifically against African Americans and "allows a racist environment in its factories."[410] According to the state's Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the Fremont factory is a racially segregated place where Black employees claim they are given the most menial[411] and physically demanding work.[412] The accusations of racism culminated in February 2022 with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing suing Tesla for "discriminating against its Black workers."[413]
【参考译文】特斯拉面临众多关于职场骚扰和种族歧视的投诉，[404][405] 一位试图起诉雇主的前特斯拉员工将其描述为“种族主义行为的温床”。[406] 截至2021年12月，公司领导层中非洲裔美国人占比为3%。[407] 一位前黑人员工形容特斯拉布法罗工厂的工作环境是“一个非常种族主义的地方”。[408] 特斯拉和SpaceX在2020年对待六月节（Juneteenth）的方式也受到批评。[409] 大约有100名前员工提交了签名声明，指控特斯拉特别歧视非裔美国人，并“允许其工厂存在种族主义环境”。[410] 根据加州公平就业和住房部的说法，弗里蒙特工厂是一个种族隔离的地方，黑人员工声称他们被分配到最卑微[411] 和体力要求最高的工作。[412] 种族歧视的指控在2022年2月达到高潮，加州公平就业和住房部起诉特斯拉，指控其“歧视黑人工人”。[413]

In July 2021, former employee Melvin Berry received $1 million in his discrimination case in arbitration against Tesla after he claimed he was referred to by the n-word and forced to work longer hours at the Fremont plant.[414]
【参考译文】2021 年 7 月，前雇员梅尔文·贝里 (Melvin Berry) 在针对特斯拉的歧视案仲裁中获得了 100 万美元，此前他声称自己在弗里蒙特工厂被“N字”辱骂并被迫延长工作时间。[414]

In October 2021, a jury verdict in the Owen Diaz vs. Tesla trial awarded the plaintiff $137 million in damages after he had faced racial harassment at Tesla's Fremont facility during 2015–2016.[415][416] In a blog, Tesla stressed that Diaz was never "really" a Tesla worker, and that most utterings of the n-word were expressed in a friendly manner.[417][418] In April 2022, federal judge William Orrick upheld the jury finding of Tesla's liability but reduced the total damage down to $15 million.[419] Diaz was given a two-week deadline to decide if he would collect the damages. In June 2022, Diaz announced that he would be rejecting the $15 million award, opening the door for a new trial.[420] In April 2023, Diaz was awarded $3.2 million in the new trial.[421]
【参考译文】2021年10月，奥文·迪亚兹（Owen Diaz）诉特斯拉案的陪审团裁决，因迪亚兹在2015年至2016年间在特斯拉弗里蒙特工厂遭遇种族骚扰，判给原告1.37亿美元的损害赔偿。[415][416] 特斯拉在其博客中强调，迪亚兹从未真正是特斯拉的员工，并且多数使用N字的言论是以友好的方式表达的。[417][418] 2022年4月，联邦法官威廉·奥里克（William Orrick）维持了陪审团关于特斯拉责任的裁决，但将总损害赔偿金额降至1500万美元。[419] 迪亚兹被给予两周的时间决定是否接受赔偿。2022年6月，迪亚兹宣布将拒绝1500万美元的赔偿，这为重新审判打开了大门。[420] 2023年4月，在新的审判中，迪亚兹被授予了320万美元的赔偿。[421]

Few of these cases against Tesla ever make it to trial as most employees are made to sign arbitration agreements.[422] Employees are afterwards required to resolve such disputes out of court, and behind closed doors.
【参考译文】由于大多数员工都被要求签署仲裁协议，因此针对特斯拉的案件很少进入庭审阶段。[422] 随后，员工们被要求在庭外、闭门解决此类纠纷。

8.12 新冠疫情 | COVID-19 pandemic

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

Tesla's initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has been the subject of considerable criticism. Musk had sought to exempt the Tesla Fremont factory in Alameda County, California from the government's stay-at-home orders. In an earnings call in April, he was heard calling the public health orders "fascist".[423] He had also called the public's response to the pandemic "dumb" and had said online that there would be zero cases by April.[424] In May 2020, while Alameda County officials were negotiating with the company to reopen the Fremont Factory on the 18th, Musk defied local government orders by restarting production on the 11th.[425][426][427] Tesla also sued Alameda County, questioning the legality of the orders, but backed down after the Fremont Factory was given approval to reopen.[428][429] In June 2020, Tesla published a detailed plan for bringing employees back to work and keeping them safe,[430] however some employees still expressed concern for their health.[431]
【参考译文】特斯拉对美国COVID-19疫情初期的应对措施受到了大量批评。马斯克试图让特斯拉位于加利福尼亚州阿拉米达县弗里蒙特的工厂免受政府居家令的影响。在4月份的一次盈利电话会议上，他被听到称公共卫生命令为“法西斯”。[423] 他还曾称公众对疫情的反应是“愚蠢的”，并且在网上表示到了4月份病例将会清零。[424] 2020年5月，在阿拉米达县官员与公司协商于18日重启弗里蒙特工厂的同时，马斯克不顾地方政府命令，于11日提前恢复生产。[425][426][427] 特斯拉还对阿拉米达县提起诉讼，质疑这些命令的合法性，但在弗里蒙特工厂获准重新开放后撤回了诉讼。[428][429] 2020年6月，特斯拉发布了一份详细的计划，概述了如何让员工安全返回工作岗位，[430] 然而仍有一些员工表达了对他们健康的担忧。[431]

In May 2020, Musk told workers that they could stay home if they felt uncomfortable coming back to work.[432] But in June, Tesla fired an employee who criticized the company for taking inadequate safety measures to protect workers from the coronavirus at the Fremont Factory.[433] Three more employees at Tesla's Fremont Factory claimed they were fired for staying home out of fear of catching COVID-19. This was subsequently denied by Tesla, which even stated that the employees were still on the payroll.[434] COVID-19 cases at the factory grew from 10 in May 2020 to 125 in December 2020, with about 450 total cases in that time period out of the approximately 10,000 workers at the plant (4.5%).[423][435]
【参考译文】2020年5月，马斯克告诉员工，如果他们觉得回来上班不舒服，可以选择留在家中。[432] 但在6月，特斯拉解雇了一名员工，该员工批评公司未采取足够安全措施保护弗里蒙特工厂工人免受新冠病毒感染。[433] 特斯拉弗里蒙特工厂还有三名员工声称，他们因害怕感染COVID-19而留在家中，结果遭到解雇。特斯拉对此予以否认，并表示这些员工仍在工资单上。[434] 弗里蒙特工厂内的COVID-19病例从2020年5月的10例增长到了同年12月的125例，在此期间总共约有450例确诊病例，而该工厂约有1万名工人（即占比4.5%）。[423][435]

In China, Tesla had what one executive described as "not a green light from the government to get back to work – but a flashing-sirens police escort."[436] Tesla enjoyed special treatment and strong government support in China, including tax breaks, cheap financing, and assistance in building its Giga Shanghai factory at breakneck speeds.[436] Musk has praised China's way of doing things, a controversial stance due to deteriorating U.S.–Chinese relations, the Persecution of Uyghurs in China, and alleged human rights abuses in Hong Kong.[436]
【参考译文】在中国，一位高管称特斯拉“没有得到政府的复工绿灯，而是有警笛鸣响的护送”。[436] 特斯拉在中国享受到特殊待遇和政府的大力支持，包括减税、廉价融资，以及以极快的速度建设上海超级工厂的援助。[436] 马斯克称赞中国的做事方式，但由于中美关系恶化、中国对维吾尔族人的迫害以及香港涉嫌侵犯人权，这一立场引发了争议。[436]

8.13 修复权 | Right to repair

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In March 2023, a class action antitrust lawsuit was filed against Tesla by Virginia M. Lambrix in San Francisco, California, alleging that the company unlawfully monopolized the market for maintenance and repair of its vehicles in violation of the Sherman Act and California antitrust law, as a result of which owners were "forced to pay supracompetitive prices and suffer exorbitant wait times" for maintenance services and repair parts.[437][438] The lawsuit was later combined with four other similar suits.[439][440]
【参考译文】2023年3月，弗吉尼亚·M·兰姆里克斯（Virginia M. Lambrix）在加利福尼亚州旧金山对特斯拉提起了一项集体诉讼反垄断诉讼，指控该公司非法垄断其车辆的保养和维修市场，违反了谢尔曼法案及加州反垄断法，导致车主“被迫支付超竞争价格并忍受高昂的等待时间”以获取维修服务和零部件。[437][438] 此后，该诉讼与其他四项类似的诉讼合并。[439][440]

While six out of eight alleged antitrust violations were dismissed, in June 2024 US District Judge Trina Thompson allowed two claims to proceed, including alleged violations of California’s Cartwright Act and Unfair Competition Law (UCL), with the court finding evidence of a repairs monopoly in Tesla's designing of its vehicles to require diagnostic and software updates that only the company could provide, and evidence of a parts monopoly in Tesla's restricting original equipment manufacturers from selling "to anyone other than Tesla."[439][440]
【参考译文】尽管八项指控中的六项反垄断违规行为被驳回，但在2024年6月，美国地区法官特丽娜·汤普森（Trina Thompson）允许两项指控继续进行，其中包括涉嫌违反加州《卡特赖特法案》（Cartwright Act）和不公平竞争法（UCL）。法院发现证据表明，特斯拉在设计车辆时要求只能由公司自身提供的诊断和软件更新，存在维修垄断行为；以及特斯拉限制原始设备制造商向除特斯拉之外的任何其他方销售零部件，存在零部件垄断行为。[439][440]

9. 批评 | Criticism

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

9.1 数据隐私 | Data privacy

Tesla was only the second product ever reviewed by Mozilla foundation which ticked all of their privacy concerns.[441][442]
【参考译文】特斯拉是Mozilla基金会审查过的第二个产品，它满足了该组织的所有隐私担忧点。[441][442]

A Tesla owner filed a lawsuit in 2023 following a Reuters report that Tesla employees shared "highly invasive videos and images recorded by customers' car cameras" with one another.[443]
【参考译文】2023年，一名特斯拉车主在路透社报道特斯拉员工之间共享“客户车载摄像头录制的高度侵犯隐私的视频和图像”后提起了诉讼。[443]

Internal data troves shared with various international government agencies and news organizations by former employee and whistleblower Lukasz Krupski in late 2023 implicated Tesla in "serious data protection lapse[s]."[444] The data Krupski retrieved included "information about current and former Tesla staff, including passport numbers, medical details and salaries" and was readily available on internal systems that most employees had access to.[445] As of November 2023, the Data Protection Authority in the Netherlands is investigating whether Tesla's alleged lack of internal security violated privacy laws.[446]
【参考译文】2023年末，前员工兼告密者Lukasz Krupski向多个国际政府机构和新闻组织分享了内部数据宝库，这些数据显示特斯拉存在“严重的数据保护失误”。[444] Krupski获取的数据包含“现职和前任特斯拉员工的信息，包括护照号码、医疗详情和薪资”，这些信息在大多数员工都能访问的内部系统上易于获取。[445] 截至2023年11月，荷兰数据保护局正在调查特斯拉所谓的内部安全缺失是否违反了隐私法。[446]

9.2 卖空者 | Short sellers

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

TSLAQ is a collective of Tesla critics and short sellers who aim to "shape [the] perception [of Tesla] and move its stock."[447] In January 2020, 20% of Tesla stock was shorted, the highest at that time of any stock in the U.S. equity markets.[448] By early 2021, according to CNN, short sellers had lost $40 billion during 2020 as the stock price climbed much higher.[449] Michael Burry, a short seller portrayed in The Big Short, had shorted Tesla previously via his firm Scion Asset Management, but removed his position in October 2021.[450]
【参考译文】TSLAQ是一个由特斯拉批评者和做空者组成的团体，他们的目标是“塑造[特斯拉的]公众认知并影响其股价。”[447] 2020年1月，特斯拉20%的股票被做空，这是当时美国股市中做空比例最高的股票。[448] 根据CNN的报道，到2021年初，随着特斯拉股价大幅上涨，做空者在2020年损失了400亿美元。[449] 迈克尔·伯里，电影《大空头》中描绘的一位做空者，之前通过他的Scion Asset Management公司做空了特斯拉，但在2021年10月平仓了他的做空仓位。[450]

9.3 特斯拉的使命 | Tesla's mission

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

According to automotive journalist Jamie Kitman, when multiple CEOs of major automotive manufacturers approached Tesla for EV technology that Musk had claimed the company was willing to share, they instead were offered the opportunity to buy regulatory credits from Tesla. This suggested, according to Kitman, that "the company may not be as eager for the electric revolution to occur as it claims."[451]
【参考译文】根据汽车记者Jamie Kitman的说法，当多家大型汽车制造商的CEO向特斯拉寻求马斯克曾声称愿意分享的电动汽车技术时，他们反而得到了从特斯拉购买监管积分的机会。Kitman认为，这表明“该公司可能并不像其所宣称的那样急于推动电动汽车革命的到来”。[451]

9.4 纽约州超级工厂审计 | Giga New York audit

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In 2020, the New York State Comptroller released an audit of the Giga New York factory project, concluding that it presented many red flags, including lack of basic due diligence and that the factory itself produced only $0.54 in economic benefits for every $1 spent by the state.[452][453][454]
【参考译文】2020年，纽约州审计长发布了一项关于Giga New York工厂项目的审计报告，结论指出该项目存在诸多警示信号，包括缺乏基本的尽职调查，并且该工厂本身每消耗州政府1美元仅产生了0.54美元的经济效益。[452][453][454]

9.5 延期 | Delays

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

Musk has been criticized for repeated pushing out both production and release dates of products.[455][456] By one count in 2016, Musk had missed 20 projections.[457] In October 2017, Musk predicted that Model 3 production would be 5,000 units per week by December.[458] A month later, he revised that target to "sometime in March" 2018.[459] Delivery dates for the Model 3 were delayed as well.[460] Other projects like converting supercharger stations to be solar-powered have also lagged projections.[461] Musk responded in late 2018: "punctuality is not my strong suit...I never made a mass-produced car. How am I supposed to know with precision when it's gonna get done?"[462]
【参考译文】马斯克因反复推迟产品生产和发布日期而受到批评。[455][456] 据2016年的一项统计，马斯克已经错过了20项预期目标。[457] 2017年10月，马斯克预测Model 3的生产量将在12月达到每周5000台。[458] 一个月后，他将这一目标修订为“2018年3月左右”。[459] Model 3的交付日期也被推迟。[460] 其他项目，比如将超级充电站转换为太阳能供电，也落后于预期进度。[461] 马斯克在2018年底回应道：“守时并不是我的强项...我以前从未制造过大批量生产的汽车。我怎么可能精确知道何时能完成呢？”[462]

10. 车辆产品的问题 | Vehicle product issues

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

10.1 召回 | Recalls

On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 (~70%) of the 76,000 vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes which could become stuck and "prevent the vehicles from moving".[463][464] On March 29, 2018, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 123,000 Model S cars built before April 2016 due to corrosion-susceptible power steering bolts, which could fail and require the driver to use "increased force" to control the vehicle.[465]
【参考译文】2017年4月20日，特斯拉因停车制动器存在故障，可能导致制动器卡住并“阻碍车辆移动”，在全球范围内召回了2016年售出的大约53,000辆（约占76,000辆的70%）车辆。[463][464] 2018年3月29日，特斯拉因可能存在腐蚀风险的转向助力螺栓问题，在全球范围内召回了2016年4月前生产的约123,000辆Model S汽车，该问题可能导致螺栓失效，驾驶员需用“更大的力量”来控制车辆。[465]

2019年7月，CNBC报道特斯拉多名在加州弗雷蒙特厂工作的现任和前任员工爆料，为了实现Model 3生产数量目标，许多品管环节被略过，其中三摄像头设备是用电工胶带黏上的[73]，并公布场内偷拍照佐证，而此摄像头一但脱落，众多车上设备可能接收错误讯号包含自动驾驶都可能撞人或失控，特斯拉发言人则否认指控但未否认用胶带装配等细节，只称这些非正常手段公司不是批准而是员工自己乱搞，并称目前品管极度优良[74]。

In October 2020, Tesla initiated a recall of nearly 50,000 Model X and Y vehicles throughout China for suspension issues.[466] Soon after in November, the NHTSA announced it had opened its own investigation into 115,000 Tesla cars regarding "front suspension safety issues", citing specifically 2015–2017 Model S and 2016–2017 Model X years. Cases of the "whompy wheel" phenomenon, which also included Model X and the occasional Model 3 cars, have been documented through 2020.[467][468]
【参考译文】2020年10月，特斯拉在中国因悬挂问题启动了对近50,000辆Model X和Y车型的召回。[466] 紧接着在11月，美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）宣布，已针对“前悬架安全问题”对115,000辆特斯拉汽车展开了自己的调查，特别提到了2015至2017年的Model S和2016至2017年的Model X车型。直到2020年，“突降轮”现象（包括Model X及偶尔的Model 3车型）的情况都有记录在案。[467][468]

In February 2021, Tesla was required by the NHTSA to recall 135,000 Model S and Model X vehicles built from 2012 to 2018 due to using a flash memory device that was rated to last only 5 to 6 years.[469] The problem was related to touchscreen failures that could possibly affect the rear-view camera, safety systems, Autopilot and other features.[470][471] The underlying technical reason is that the car writes a large amount of syslog content to the device, wearing it out prematurely.[472]
【参考译文】2021年2月，美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）要求特斯拉召回2012年至2018年间生产的约13.5万辆Model S和Model X车辆，原因是这些车辆使用了一种预期寿命仅为5至6年的闪存设备。[469] 该问题与触摸屏故障有关，可能会影响到倒车摄像头、安全系统、Autopilot以及其他功能。[470][471] 技术上的根本原因在于车辆向该设备写入大量系统日志内容，导致其过早磨损。[472]

Also in February 2021, the German Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) ordered Tesla to recall 12,300 Model X cars because of "body mouldings problems".[473][474]
【参考译文】同样在2021年2月，德国联邦汽车运输管理局（KBA）因“车身模具问题”要求特斯拉召回12,300辆Model X汽车。[473][474]

In June 2021, Tesla recalled 5,974 electric vehicles due to worries that brake caliper bolts might become loose, which could lead to loss of tire pressure, potentially increasing the chance of a crash.[475]
【参考译文】2021年6月，特斯拉因担心刹车卡钳螺栓可能松动而召回了5,974辆电动汽车，这可能导致轮胎压力损失，从而增加碰撞的风险。[475]

On December 30, 2021, Tesla announced that they are recalling more than 475,000 US model vehicles. This included 356,309 Model 3 Tesla vehicles from 2017 to 2020 due to rear-view camera issues and a further 119,009 Tesla Model S vehicles due to potential problems with the trunk or boot. The Model S recall includes vehicles manufactured between 2014 and 2021. Around 1% of recalled Model 3s may have a defective rear-view camera, and around 14% of recalled model S' may have the defect. The recall was not linked to a contemporaneous issue regarding the Passenger Play feature, which allowed games to be played on the touchscreen while the car is in motion.[476] After an investigation was launched by the NHTSA covering 585,000 vehicles, Tesla agreed to make changes where the feature would be locked and unusable while the car is moving.[477]
【参考译文】2021年12月30日，特斯拉宣布在美国召回超过47.5万辆汽车。其中，2017年至2020年生产的356,309辆Model 3因后视摄像头问题被召回，另有119,009辆Model S因后备箱或行李箱可能存在隐患被召回。Model S的召回涵盖了2014年至2021年间的车辆。召回的Model 3中大约有1%可能存在后视摄像头缺陷，而召回的Model S中约有14%可能存在该缺陷。此次召回与当时关于“乘客游戏”功能的另一个问题无关，该功能允许车辆行驶时在触摸屏上玩游戏。[476]在美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）针对58.5万辆汽车发起调查后，特斯拉同意对该功能进行修改，使其在车辆行驶时锁定并无法使用。[477]

In September 2022, Tesla announced that they are recalling almost 1.1 million US model vehicles because the automatic window reversal system might not react correctly after detecting an obstruction, increasing the risk of injury.[478][479] In response, Tesla announced an over-the-air software fix.[479]
【参考译文】2022 年 9 月，特斯拉宣布召回近 110 万辆美国车型，因为自动车窗反转系统在检测到障碍物后可能无法正确做出反应，从而增加受伤风险。[478][479] 作为回应，特斯拉宣布通过无线软件修复该问题。[479]

In February 2023, Tesla recalled its FSD software following a recommendation from NHTSA; the recall applied to approximately 360,000 cars.[480] NHTSA found that FSD caused "unreasonable risk" when used on city streets.[481] In March 2023, about 3,500 Model Y Teslas were recalled for a bolting issue concerning the cars' second-row seats.[482]
【参考译文】2023 年 2 月，特斯拉根据美国国家公路交通安全管理局 (NHTSA) 的建议召回了其 FSD 软件；此次召回涉及约 36 万辆汽车。[480] NHTSA 发现，FSD 在城市街道上使用时会造成“不合理的风险”。[481] 2023 年 3 月，约 3,500 辆特斯拉 Model Y 汽车因第二排座椅的螺栓问题被召回。[482]

In December 2023, following a 2-year-long investigation by the NHTSA,[483] Tesla issued a wider recall on all vehicles equipped with any version of Autosteer, including 2012–2023 Model S; 2016–2023 Model X; 2017–2023 Model 3; and 2020–2023 Model Y, covering 2,031,220 vehicles in total.[484] The NHTSA concluded that Autosteer's controls were not sufficient to prevent misuse and did not ensure that the drivers maintained "continuous and sustained responsibility for vehicle operation" and states that affected vehicles will receive an over-the-air software remedy.[484][485]
【参考译文】2023年12月，在美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）进行了为期两年的调查后，[483] 特斯拉对装备有任何版本Autosteer功能的所有车辆发起了更广泛的召回，涉及车辆包括：2012年至2023年的Model S；2016年至2023年的Model X；2017年至2023年的Model 3；以及2020年至2023年的Model Y，总计2,031,220辆车。[484] NHTSA的结论是，Autosteer的控制措施不足以防止误用，并且不能确保驾驶员持续并负责车辆的操作，并表示受影响的车辆将通过无线软件更新进行修复。[484][485]

特斯拉于台湾上市后，台湾东森汽车专题节目报导称发现在台湾这不大的市场与销量中却出现离奇多的品管问题。2017年有汽车杂志记者拿到Model X试驾车时没几天车辆就无理由损坏，冷气、雨刷、电动窗、后车厢、电动椅都损坏，连摄影器材都被锁在后车无法取出，开回原厂后一个多月才听说有同行试驾时拿到该车。另有消费者花500多万台币购买17天后修三次，首先是车头徽标是贴歪的，之后车灯一体充电盖无法关闭，原厂最后将整组后车灯与充电盖拆换才解决。电动前车门，没几天就损坏导致车门要用手极大力气扳开才能上车，第三排的座椅也故障，最后则是在高速公路上突然车辆显示方向盘异常后整台车瘫痪，[76]必须冒险在快车道下车后重新上车才能重启车辆[77]。导致车主极大的丢脸，当时车上的家人朋友从此不愿再坐此500万高价车，车子的总公里数约500多公里，其中超过160公里是往返维修厂。

节目中自行推测特斯拉的车辆设计可能不符ISO 26262的标准，也就是车中牵涉安全的重要机件都要有独立两套以上构造，且互相备援，其车辆设计大量依赖单一的中央电脑化主控，缺乏直接的纯机械设计，而当该电脑或软件可靠性不足发生当机，又没有备援机制就会发生全车各种失常。

10.2 起火 | Fires

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

See also: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents § Tesla
【另请参阅：“插电式电动汽车起火事件”词条的“特斯拉”章节】

Tesla customers have reported the company as being "slow" to address how their cars can ignite.[486] In 2013, a Model S caught fire after the vehicle hit metal debris on a highway in Kent, Washington. Tesla confirmed the fire began in the battery pack and was caused by the impact of an object.[487] As a result of this and other incidents, Tesla announced its decision to extend its current vehicle warranty to cover fire damage.[488]
【参考译文】特斯拉客户反映，公司在解决其车辆可能起火的问题上行动“缓慢”。[486] 2013年，在华盛顿州肯特市的一条高速公路上，一辆Model S撞击路面金属碎片后起火。特斯拉确认火灾起始于电池组，是由物体撞击造成的。[487] 由于这一事件及其他类似情况，特斯拉宣布决定扩大当前车辆保修范围，以涵盖火灾损害。[488]

In March 2014, the NHTSA announced that it had closed the investigation into whether the Model S was prone to catch fire, after Tesla said it would provide more protection to its battery packs.[489] All Model S cars manufactured after March 6, 2014, have had the 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) aluminum shield over the battery pack replaced with a new three-layer shield.[490]
【参考译文】2014年3月，美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）宣布，鉴于特斯拉承诺将为其电池包提供更多的保护措施，关于Model S是否易燃的调查已经结案。[489] 自2014年3月6日起生产的所有Model S车辆，其电池包上的0.25英寸（6.4毫米）铝制防护板已被替换为新型三层防护板。[490]

2017年2月19日上午，中国大陆广东省广州市一辆特斯拉Model X发生低速刮碰后起火爆炸，安全气囊未开，碰撞发生后车门无法打开，造成司机重伤。车主要求特斯拉承认车辆设计失败，索赔500万人民币，特斯拉中国回应称符合安全标准，且说明书中有不能开门时拉销可开车门，安全气囊问题则说无法还原现场确认。广州市公安局交通警察支队高速三大队的事故报告中表明，车辆途经沈海高速广州线北行8公里800米路段时撞路中心护栏，再与后方同向轿车车头碰撞，之后起火。此时对方车辆已有明显刹车，碰撞发生时，两车车速较慢并不激烈碰撞，不到10秒特斯拉就全车燃烧可能是锂电池起火，周围车辆曾拿出灭火器帮忙救火但居然无法扑灭，安全气囊并未弹开[78]。司机受重伤，脊柱三节骨裂、肠子截掉一截，住院达40余天。相关交管部门对此事回应，称由于该驾驶者驾驶车辆时仍处于实习阶段，对此事要承担本事故的全部责任[79]。事件经网络爆料后Model X的说明书也被贴到网上，书中说明前门断电时可以用一般拉把开启，然而车主表明车祸时他无法开，至于后门无电时则要拆下喇叭，手伸入机械内的一个拉杆，被讥为高难度操作。

In October 2019, the NHTSA opened an investigation into possible battery defects in Tesla's Model S and X vehicles from 2012 to 2019 that could cause "non-crash" fires.[491][492][493]
【参考译文】2019年10月，NHTSA针对2012年至2019年间生产的特斯拉Model S和X车辆可能存在的电池缺陷展开调查，这些缺陷可能导致“非碰撞”情况下发生火灾。[491][492][493]

2019年4月21日晚间，上海徐汇区一个小区地下车库中，一辆白色Model S自燃，殃及周围的其他两辆轿车，整个地下车库弥漫着刺鼻气味。监控显示，从车底冒出白烟到车辆被明火包围的时间大约仅10秒。自燃原因初步判断为电池短路导致[90]。

2019年5月12日，一辆Model S在香港新蒲岗广场停车场自燃，并一度传出多次爆炸声。特斯拉表示，已与当局调查事故，暂时只发现车辆的少数电池模组受影响，电池组大多未有受损[91]。

2021年4月17日，在广州增城区行驶的一辆特斯拉轿车在超车过程中撞击到路边水泥隔离墙，损毁严重。该车后来燃起大火，车体被严重烧毁。车祸现场有一人躺在地上，医护人员在对其进行紧急抢救。4月21日，特斯拉回应媒体表示确实发生这起事故，事故发生后已立即配合交警部门调查以及车主处理事件[80]。

10.3 自动驾驶事故 | Autopilot crashes

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

See also: List of Tesla Autopilot crashes【另请参阅：特斯拉自动驾驶仪事故列表】

A Model S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer in 2016, while the vehicle was in Autopilot mode; the driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in Autopilot.[494][495] The NHTSA investigated the accident but found no safety-related defect trend.[496]
【参考译文】2016年，一辆处于Autopilot模式下的Model S在与一辆牵引挂车发生碰撞事故中，驾驶员死亡，据信这是首例在特斯拉车辆使用Autopilot功能中丧生的案例。[494][495] 美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）对此事故进行了调查，但未发现存在安全隐患的趋势。[496]

特斯拉官方确认，该车是在“自动驾驶”（autopilot）模式中没有识别出变道的卡车，导致悲剧发生。由此该事件一度被媒体引用为特斯拉全球第一起自动驾驶致死事件。事后调查发现，该挂车为白色，刚好那天又是大晴天，自动系统似乎无法辨认挂车体与背景天空的颜色差异，以为前方无障碍，最终酿成车祸[81]。

2016年9月，央视报道的于2016年1月20日河北一起追尾事故中，驾驶员疑似在开启自动驾驶功能后酿成事故，撞上扫路车，导致23岁的驾驶员高雅宁身亡，警方经车载视频判定自动驾驶处于开启状态。然而特斯拉公司拒不承认，后受害者家属委托北京京都律师事务所提起诉讼，要求检车，特斯拉以公司核心机密会暴露为由拒绝检查，最终受害家属自费律师费和20万人民币检验费，交由北京中机司法鉴定中心检车，核心电脑数据摊开于阳光下时美国特斯拉总公司才承认当时处于自动驾驶状态。[81]扫路车由于作业原因需要并非行驶于内车道正中心，而是贴于中央分隔栏，是否因此造成自动驾驶系统无法侦测到前方有车，为本案技术面焦点，若此事为真则特斯拉等于将一个极度阳春的自动驾驶功能上市，连基本最简单的道路突发情况都无法判断，高雅宁父亲并表示在购车时特斯拉商店还夸口只要开自动驾驶，人可以直接在车上睡觉、[81]四人打牌等等宣传用语。而诉讼过程中特斯拉采用全面抵制策略，律师在央视受访时表示公司方“似乎并不想与提告方一起弄清楚车祸成因”。央视报导曝光前夕，特斯拉将官网上的自动驾驶功能字样改为“自动辅助驾驶”并告知零售店员必须格外强调，自动辅助驾驶只是辅助，驾驶员还是必须清醒专注的控制车辆，该功能仅是减轻疲劳，报导中认为之前有蓄意误导嫌疑[81]。

In March 2018, a driver of a Tesla Model X was killed in a crash. Investigators say that the driver of the vehicle had his car in 'self-driving' mode and was using his phone to play games when the vehicle collided with the barrier in the middle of the freeway. Through investigation, the NTSB found that the Tesla malfunctioned due to the system being confused by an exit on the freeway.[497] 【参考译文】2018年3月，一名特斯拉Model X的驾驶员在一次车祸中丧生。调查人员表示，事故发生时，该车驾驶员开启了“自动驾驶”模式，并正在使用手机玩游戏，车辆随后撞上了高速公路中央的护栏。通过调查，美国国家运输安全委员会（NTSB）发现特斯拉车辆因系统被高速公路出口混淆而发生故障。[497]

2018年3月23日周五上午9点，苹果工程师Walter Huang驾驶特斯拉Model X汽车在加州101公路和85公路交接处发生致命车祸[82]。Huang曾向汽车零售商抱怨自动驾驶曾多次在同一地点转向隔离带。[83]此次车祸可能并非是孤例。[84]然而经过调查后发现，车祸丧命前，车主一边使用特斯拉的部分自动驾驶系统，一边玩手机电玩游戏[85][86]。

日本2018年曾发生一起特斯拉Model X死亡车祸，该事故是因驾驶在开启特斯拉AutoPilot自动驾驶系统功能后不小心睡着，造成1人死亡、2人轻重伤的意外。

2019年5月16日，美国佛州一名驾驶Model 3的司机班纳(Jeremy Beren Banner)在撞车前10秒启动自动驾驶，撞向一辆挂车，社会车辆上的50岁男司机不治。特斯拉发言人回应指出驾驶特斯拉的司机已使用自动驾驶系统行驶逾16000公里[87]。2021年4月17日，美国德克萨斯州斯普林一辆Model S撞上一棵树并起火燃烧数小时，导致2人死亡。警方在清理现场时发现无人坐在驾驶座位上，疑似无人驾驶惹祸[88]。

2020年7月，美国多名Model 3车主集体向美国国家公路交通安全管理局投诉，表示在正常自驾行驶状况中，车辆会不受控制，突然自行急加速，存有重大安全隐忧[75]。

According to a document released in June 2021, the NHTSA has initiated at least 30 investigations into Tesla crashes that were believed to involve the use of Autopilot, with some involving fatalities.[498][499] In early September 2021, the NHTSA updated the list with an additional fatality incident[500] and ordered Tesla to hand over all extensive data pertaining to US cars with Autopilot to determine if there is a safety defect that leads Tesla cars to collide with first-responder vehicles.[500][501][502] In late September 2021, Tesla released an over-the-air software update to detect emergency lights at night.[503] In October 2021, the NHTSA asked Tesla why it did not issue a recall when it sent out that update.[504]
【参考译文】根据2021年6月发布的一份文件，NHTSA已针对至少30起被认为涉及Autopilot使用的特斯拉碰撞事故展开了调查，其中一些事故涉及致死情况。[498][499] 2021年9月初，NHTSA更新了名单，新增一起致死事故记录，并要求特斯拉提交所有涉及美国境内配备Autopilot功能车辆的详尽数据，以便确定是否存在导致特斯拉车辆与应急响应车辆相撞的安全缺陷。[500][501][502] 2021年9月下旬，特斯拉发布了一项空中软件更新，用于夜间检测紧急灯光。[503] 2021年10月，NHTSA询问特斯拉为何在发出该更新时没有发布召回通知。[504]

In June 2022, the NHTSA said it would expand its probe, extending it to 830,000 cars from all current Tesla models. The probe will be moved up from the Preliminary Evaluation level to the Engineering Analysis one. The regulator cited the reason for the expansion as the need to "explore the degree to which Autopilot and associated Tesla systems may exacerbate human factors or behavioral safety risks by undermining the effectiveness of the driver's supervision."[505]
【参考译文】2022年6月，NHTSA宣布将扩大调查范围，将目前所有特斯拉车型的83万辆汽车纳入调查。调查级别将从初步评估阶段提升至工程分析阶段。监管机构将扩大的理由归因于需要“探究Autopilot及相关特斯拉系统在多大程度上可能通过削弱驾驶员监督的有效性加剧人为因素或行为安全风险”。[505]

A safety test conducted by the Dawn Project in August 2022 demonstrated that a test driver using the beta version of Full Self-Driving repeatedly hit a child-sized mannequin in its path,[506] but there has been controversy over its conclusions.[507] Several Tesla owners responded by conducting their own, independent tests using children; NHTSA released a statement warning against the practice.[508]
【参考译文】2022 年 8 月，黎明计划进行的一项安全测试表明，使用全自动驾驶测试版的测试驾驶员多次撞击道路上的儿童大小的模型，[506] 但其结论存在争议。[507] 几名特斯拉车主对此作出回应，使用儿童进行了自己的独立测试；美国国家公路交通安全管理局发布声明警告不要这样做。[508]

2023年2月27日，特斯拉及其CEO埃隆·马斯克被股东起诉，后者指控他们夸大了其电动汽车的Autopilot和全自动驾驶（FSD）技术的有效性和安全性。[89]

10.4 软件黑客攻击 | Software hacking

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In August 2015, two researchers said they were able to take control of a Tesla Model S by hacking into the car's entertainment system.[509] The hack required the researchers to physically access the car.[510] Tesla issued a security update for the Model S the day after the exploit was announced.[511]
【参考译文】2015年8月，两名研究人员表示，他们能够通过侵入特斯拉Model S的娱乐系统来控制该车。[509] 这次黑客入侵需要研究人员物理接触车辆。[510] 特斯拉在该漏洞公布后的第二天就为Model S发布了安全更新。[511]

In September 2016, researchers at Tencent's Keen Security Lab demonstrated a remote attack on a Tesla Model S and controlled the vehicle in both Parking and Driving Mode without physical access. They were able to compromise the automotive networking bus (CAN bus) when the vehicle's web browser was used while the vehicle was connected to a malicious Wi-Fi hotspot.[512] This was the first case of a remote control exploit demonstrated on a Tesla. The vulnerability was disclosed to Tesla under their bug bounty program and patched within 10 days, before the exploit was made public.[513] Tencent also hacked the doors of a Model X in 2017.[514]
【参考译文】2016年9月，腾讯旗下科恩安全实验室的研究人员展示了对特斯拉Model S的远程攻击，并在无须物理接触的情况下，在泊车和驾驶模式下控制了车辆。当车辆连接到恶意Wi-Fi热点并使用车辆的网络浏览器时，他们能够攻破汽车内部网络总线（CAN总线）。[512] 这是首次在特斯拉上展示远程控制的漏洞利用。该漏洞通过特斯拉的漏洞赏金计划被披露，并在公开前的10天内得到修补。[513] 腾讯还在2017年黑进了Model X的车门。[514]

In January 2018, security researchers informed Tesla that an Amazon Web Services account of theirs could be accessed directly from the Internet and that the account had been exploited for cryptocurrency mining. Tesla responded by securing the compromised system, rewarding the security researchers financially via their bug bounty program, and stating that the compromise did not violate customer privacy, nor vehicle safety or security.[515][516] Later in 2019, Tesla awarded a car and $375,000 to ethical hackers during a Pwn2Own Model 3 hacking event.[517]
【参考译文】2018年1月，安全研究人员通知特斯拉，他们的一个亚马逊网络服务（AWS）账户可以直接从互联网访问，并且该账户已被利用来进行加密货币挖矿。特斯拉对此作出回应，通过加固被侵入的系统，通过漏洞赏金计划对安全研究人员给予经济奖励，并表示该入侵并未侵犯客户隐私，也没有影响到车辆安全或安保。[515][516] 后来在2019年，特斯拉在Pwn2Own Model 3黑客挑战赛中，向道德黑客颁发了一辆汽车和37.5万美元奖金。[517]

In June 2022, Martin Herfurt, a security researcher in Austria, discovered that changes made to make Tesla vehicles easier to start with NFC cards also allowed for pairing new keys to the vehicle, allowing an attacker to enroll their own keys to a vehicle.[518]
【参考译文】2022 年 6 月，奥地利安全研究员马丁·赫尔福特 (Martin Herfurt) 发现，为了更容易使用 NFC 卡启动特斯拉汽车而做出的改动也允许将新钥匙与汽车配对，从而使攻击者可以将自己的钥匙注册到汽车上。[518]

10.5 幽灵刹车现象 | Phantom braking

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

In February 2022, Tesla drivers have reported a surge in "phantom braking" events when using Tesla Autopilot which coincides with the automaker's removal of radar as a supplemental sensor in May 2021.[519] In response, NHTSA has opened an investigation.[520]
【参考译文】2022年2月，特斯拉车主报告称，在使用特斯拉Autopilot功能时，出现了大量“幽灵刹车”事件，这与特斯拉在2021年5月移除雷达作为辅助传感器的时间相吻合。[519] 对此，美国国家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）已展开调查。[520]

In May 2023, German business newspaper Handelsblatt published a series of articles based on a trove of internal Tesla data submitted to them from informants.[521] The 100 gigabytes of data "contain[ed] over 1,000 accident reports involving phantom braking or unintended acceleration" as well as complaints about Tesla Autopilot.[522] Dutch authorities responded by saying they were investigating the company for possible data privacy violations.[523]
【参考译文】2023年5月，德国商业报纸《商报》（Handelsblatt）根据知情人士提交的一批特斯拉内部数据发表了一系列文章。[521] 这100GB的数据“包含了超过1000份涉及幽灵刹车或意外加速的事故报告”，以及关于特斯拉Autopilot的投诉。[522] 荷兰当局对此回应称，他们正在调查该公司是否存在可能的数据隐私违规行为。[523]

10.6 续航里程表现 | Driving range performance

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

Tesla has received thousands of complaints from owners that the driving ranges of their vehicles did not meet the ranges advertised by Tesla or the projections of in-dash range meters. When service centers were overwhelmed with appointments to take care of these issues, Tesla established a diversion team to cancel as many appointments as possible. Customers were told that remote diagnostics had determined there was no problem and their appointments were canceled. The company has been fined by South Korean regulators for its exaggerated range estimates.[524]
【参考译文】特斯拉收到了数千名车主的投诉，称他们车辆的实际续航里程未能达到特斯拉广告宣传的范围或仪表盘上显示的预计续航里程。当服务中心因处理这些问题而应接不暇时，特斯拉成立了一个分流小组，尽可能取消更多预约。客户被告知，通过远程诊断已确定没有问题，因此他们的预约被取消。韩国监管机构因特斯拉夸大续航里程预估而对其进行了罚款。[524]

10.7 刹车失灵

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

2020年8月12日，温州一辆特斯拉Model3发生事故，司机称刹车失灵，其后又在中国国内多个平台上捏造“特斯拉自动加速刹车失灵”、“珍爱生命远离特斯拉”等内容，引起特斯拉向温州市人民法院提出起诉。2021年10月11日州市人民法院作出判决，指车主应承担事故的全部责任，特斯拉胜诉。车主其后提出上诉，二审被再次驳回。2022年5月9日，温州事故车主在微博上发布道歉信，认自己错把油门当做刹车踩，向特斯拉道歉。[92]

2021年3月11日，海南一辆Model 3司机称在停车时刹车突然失灵，导致车辆与护栏发生碰撞[93]。同日下午，特斯拉售后工作人员驾驶另一辆特斯拉车辆来到现场进行情景再现，再次刹车失灵撞上护栏[94]。3月14日特斯拉对事故车辆进行检验，结果显示车辆刹车系统合格。但报告中的车型错误引发公众对报告严谨性和真实性的质疑[95]。

2021年4月19日，上海车展特斯拉展台中，一名特斯拉女车主身穿印有“刹车失灵”的衣服站在特斯拉车顶维权抗议，半分钟后被工作人员抬出场外[96]，特斯拉发表声明表示决不妥协[97]，其后当事女车主因“扰乱公共秩序”被警方处以行政拘留5日，另一人被处以行政警告[98]。4月20日晚，特斯拉发文致歉，表示已成立专门处理小组处理该事件[99]。该名车主是此前河南安阳特斯拉门店门口坐车顶维权的Model 3车主[100][101]。4月21日，郑州市郑东新区市场监督管理局回应，责令特斯拉汽车销售服务（郑州）有限公司无条件向张女士提供该车发生事故前半小时完整行车数据[102]。国家市场监督管理总局表示，已责成河南省、上海市等地市场监督管理部门依法维护消费者合法权益[103]。4月22日晚间，特斯拉公司发布车辆发生事故前30分钟内的数据。显示在发生事故前的30分钟内，车辆有超过40次踩下制动踏板的记录[104]。随后，张女士以特斯拉侵犯其名誉权及侵犯其个人隐私为由，向法院对特斯拉提起诉讼。2023年5月，两个案件均以法院驳回张女士的诉讼请求告终。[105]

2021年5月7日，广东省韶关市一辆小型货车遭特斯拉追尾，事故造成特斯拉司机当场死亡，目前事故原因正在调查中[106]。

2022年11月5日，广东省潮州市饶平县一男子称驾驶特斯拉汽车准备停车时，车辆突然失控高速狂奔 2 公里，接连撞上两辆摩托车和两辆自行车，造成 2 死 3 伤。[107]特斯拉官方回应称从现有的事故影片可以看出，我们有确认到车辆在高速行驶的过程中，刹车灯是长时间没有被点亮的，这和我们的后台数据是有吻合的情况。[108]

2023年3月4日，广东东莞一辆特斯拉汽车疑似失控，连撞多车后冲入一家店铺，造成两人受伤。[109]

2023年8月16日，香港荃湾一架特斯拉汽车疑似失控，冲入一家面包铺，造成一人受伤[110]。司机事后指他有40年驾驶经验，已经一直收油，但不知为何车辆自行加油冲上人行道[111]。另外，司机所驾特斯拉属租赁获得，并租赁当日发生交通事故[111]。

10.8 隐私保护

文中可能包含无法从中国内地访问的链接。

2023年4月6日，路透社报道称根据其对特斯拉九名前员工的采访，在2019年至2022年期间，特斯拉员工之间通过内部消息系统分享了来自于客户车载摄像头记录的高度侵入性视频和图像。其中包括一名男子赤裸地接近一辆汽车与车祸和路怒事件[112]。