不便外发的段落："2015年4月尼泊尔地震 / April 2015 Nepal earthquake（第二部分：后果）”

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3. 后果 | Aftermath

See also: Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)【另请参阅：尼泊尔人道主义危机（2015-2017）】

Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become a long drawn out chain of events, in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades on end. The aftereffects of the earthquake had subsequent effects on a myriad of things: human trafficking, labour cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, urbanization, private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, tourism, disease, and damage to the healthcare system.[57] A survey some 30 months later found only 12% of the reconstruction money had been distributed, and those without land were locked out of financial support, exacerbating the social divide and feeding marginalization.
【参考译文】在像尼泊尔这样非常贫困且政治瘫痪的国家中，灾难性事件通常会演变成一连串长期的连锁事件，一个灾难会连续几年甚至几十年对其他方面产生影响。地震的余波对许多事情产生了后续影响：人口贩卖、劳工成本和供应、房租和财产成本负担、城市化、私人和公共债务负担、心理健康、政治、旅游业、疾病和对医疗系统的破坏。大约30个月后的一项调查发现，仅有12%的重建资金已经分发，那些没有土地的人被排除在财政支持之外，加剧了社会分裂并加剧了边缘化现象。

3.1 更多直接影响 | More direct effects

Some disasters that came with the monsoon season were suspected to be related to the earthquake. There was a landslip on 11 June, killing 53 people.[58] Meanwhile, a glacial lake had burst in the particularly hard-hit Solukhumbhu district.[59] Whether or not the quake contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched, but it is certainly possible.
【参考译文】一些发生在季风季节的灾难被怀疑与地震有关。6月11日发生了一起山体滑坡事故，造成53人死亡。与此同时，在尼泊尔尤为严重受灾的Solukhumbhu地区，一个冰川湖发生了决堤事件。地震是否与此类事件有关通常是未知且未经研究的，但这是有可能的。

有科学家发现，本次地震造成的断裂延伸至喜马拉雅山脉深部，很有可能未来在喜马拉雅山脉地区发生比本次地震更为强烈的地震[76]。

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3.2 伤亡 | causalties

3.2.1 尼泊尔 | Nepal

The earthquake killed at least 8,857 people in Nepal[8][84][85] and injured nearly three times as many. The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit.[86] As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries.[56] Nearly 3.5 million people were left homeless, causing around 2.6 million internal displacements.[60][87]
【参考译文】地震导致尼泊尔至少8,857人丧生，伤者数量几乎是死亡人数的三倍。农村地区的死亡人数可能被最小化，因为大多数村民在地震发生时正在室外工作。截至5月15日，仍有6,271人因受伤接受治疗，其中包括5月12日余震造成的1,700人。近350万人无家可归，导致大约260万人在国内流离失所。

The example of this earthquake shows that loss calculations for hypothetical likely future earthquakes can be reasonably reliable. In 2005, the expected numbers of fatalities due to a hypothetical scenario earthquake near Kathmandu for M8.1 was published.[88] The fatalities at that time were estimated between 21,000 and 42,000. The M7.8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 killed about 8,800 people because it occurred on a Saturday and so many buildings that collapsed, such as schools and municipal buildings, were empty, reducing the death toll. In addition, the epicentre of the earthquake was in a rural setting, so the worst hit districts had low population densities and most of the population was outside when the earthquake hit.[89] Had the earthquake occurred at night or during the working week, when many more people were inside vulnerable buildings, the death toll would have likely been much closer to the modelled estimate.
【参考译文】这次地震的例子表明，对未来可能发生的地震进行损失估算可以是相当可靠的。在2005年，针对加德满都附近一个M8.1级的假设场景地震的预期死亡人数已经公布。那时估计的死亡人数在21,000到42,000之间。2015年4月25日发生的M7.8级地震造成了约8,800人死亡，因为地震发生在一个星期六，许多倒塌的建筑物，如学校和市政建筑，都是空的，降低了死亡人数。此外，地震的震中位于农村环境，所以受灾最严重的地区人口密度较低，大多数人在地震发生时都在室外。如果地震发生在夜晚或工作日，当更多人在脆弱建筑物内时，死亡人数可能会更接近建模估算。

After the rupture area of the Kathmandu 2015 earthquake had been derived[90] and the intensities of shaking had been mapped,[91] a line source model for losses could be constructed with energy being radiated along the entire rupture.[92] The fatalities estimated in this way by QLARM agree with those reported in the end. The figure shows reports of fatalities as a function of time. News reports significantly underestimated the actual numbers of fatalities for several days.
【参考译文】在确定了加德满都2015年地震的破裂区域并绘制了震动强度之后，可以构建一个基于线源模型的损失模型，其中能量沿着整个破裂区辐射。QLARM以这种方式估计的死亡人数与最终报道的数据一致。该图显示了随时间变化的死亡人数报告。新闻报道在几天内显着低估了实际死亡人数。

The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low.[citation needed]
【参考译文】《喜马拉雅时报》报道称，在地震发生时可能有多达2万名外国人正在尼泊尔旅游，尽管外国人si3 wang2人数相对较低。【需要引证】

3.2.2 印度 | India

A total of 78 deaths were reported in India – including 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[61]
【参考译文】印度共报告了78人死亡，其中包括58人在比哈尔邦，16人在北方邦，3人在西孟加拉邦，1人在拉贾斯坦邦。【61】

3.2.3 中国 | China

Twenty-seven people were confirmed dead, 383 were injured and 4 were missing, all from the Tibet Autonomous Region.[62] The quake destroyed 2,500 houses and damaged 24,700 others across 19 counties in Tibet, affecting nearly 300,000 people, among whom 47,500 were displaced, while A total of 82 temples were also damaged.[62] The counties of Gyirong, Nyalam and Tingri in Xigazê were worst hit, where nearly 80 percent of the houses in the three counties collapsed.[62]
【参考译文】来自西藏自治区的27人确认死亡，383人受伤，4人失踪。这次地震摧毁了西藏19个县的2500座房屋，损坏了24700座其他房屋，影响了近30万人，其中4.75万人被迫离开。同时，共有82座寺庙受损。受灾最严重的地区是日喀则的吉隆县、聂拉木县和定日县，这三个县的房屋几乎有80%坍塌。【62】

3.2.4 孟加拉国 | Bangladesh

Four people were killed and 18 districts were affected by the earthquake in Bangladesh.[63] A six-story building partially collapsed and two garment factories tilted in Dhaka.[63] A 22-year old man died when trying to flee the Dhaka Medical College in a panic.[63] In Tangail, a woman died trying to escape a building.[63] Another woman was crushed to death by a collapsed wall while a teacher died of a heart attack during the earthquake.[63]
【参考译文】孟加拉国有4人在地震中丧生，18个地区受到影响。达卡一座六层建筑部分倒塌，两家服装工厂倾斜。一名22岁男子在试图逃离达卡医学院时死亡。在坦戈伊尔，一名妇女试图逃离一栋建筑时死亡。另一名妇女被倒塌的墙壁压死，一名教师在地震期间心脏病发作身亡。【63】

3.2.5 在珠穆朗玛峰发生的雪崩 | Avalanches on Mount Everest

Main article: 2015 Mount Everest avalanches【主条目：2015年珠穆朗玛峰雪崩】

This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19 died,[93] with at least 120 others injured or missing.[93]
【参考译文】这次地震导致珠穆朗玛峰发生雪崩。至少有19人si3 wang2，另有至少120人受伤或失踪。【93】

3.2.6 蓝塘谷地发生的山崩 | Landslides in the Langtang Valley

In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park, 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela[94][95] and the village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.[96] The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale.[97][98] On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners.[99]
【参考译文】在蓝塘国家公园内的蓝塘山谷，发生了雪崩袭击了Ghodatabela村庄和蓝塘村庄，导致329人失踪。这次雪崩据估计宽度为两至三公里。Ghodatabela是蓝塘徒步旅行路线上一个受欢迎的地区。蓝塘村庄被雪崩摧毁。在蓝塘周边的小村庄，如Chyamki、Thangsyap和Mundu在地震中被埋。据信有12名当地居民和2名外国人幸存。在Trishuli River Valley发生了较小的山体滑坡，据报道Mailung、Simle和Archale遭受了重大破坏。截至5月4日，宣布在蓝塘地区发现了52具shi1 ti3，其中7具为外国人。

According to geological models, the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades.[100] This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake, which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area.[101]
【参考译文】根据地质模型，未来几十年蓝塘山谷发生山体滑坡的频率和强度将增加【100】。这主要是由于地震的影响，地震导致了蓝塘地区地面广泛破裂【101】。

图片题注：Fatality reports by the media as a function of time, compared to the QLARM calculation (horizontal line) made after the rupture area of the Kathmandu earthquake had been mapped. Uncertainty extent given by the vertical solid line. The source for news reports is the NINTRAS web site of the Swiss Seismological Service. All reports, including lower values exceeded by others, are given.
参考译文：媒体发布的死亡人数报告随时间变化，与在加德满都地震破裂区域被绘制后进行的QLARM计算（水平线）进行比较。垂直实线表示的不确定性范围。新闻报道的来源是瑞士地震研究所的NINTRAS网站。所有报告，包括被其他报告超过的较低值，都包含在内。
图片作者：MaxWyss 此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

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图片题注：People waiting on airport tarmac for flights after aftershocks forced the airport to open all exit doors
参考译文：余震迫使机场打开所有出口门，人们在机场停机坪等待航班。
图片作者：Guswen 此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

3.3 破坏 | Damage

Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter.[19][20][21]
【参考译文】成千上万座房屋在全国许多地区被摧毁，整个村庄被夷为平地，尤其是那些靠近震中的村庄。

The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights.[102] It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[103] and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage.[104] During strong aftershocks, the airport opened all boarding-lounge exit doors onto the tarmac, allowing people who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac. Many remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity. The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets in the airport lounges. Few airport workers were at their posts; most were killed in the earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects.[105]
【参考译文】尼泊尔特里布万国际机场为加德满都提供服务，在地震发生后立即关闭，但随后在当天重新开放用于救援行动，之后也逐渐重新开放一些商业航班。由于余震，机场随后断续关闭运营，并于5月3日因担心跑道损坏而暂时关闭对最大型飞机的服务。在强烈余震期间，机场打开了所有登机休息室的出口门通往停机坪，让等待安检和移民程序的人们逃向跑道的开阔空间。许多人在外面等待，因为飞机延误导致机场人满为患。机场设施遭受破坏，机场休息室内没有自来水或运作的厕所。几乎没有机场工作人员在岗，大多数人在地震中遇难或不得不应对地震的后果。

Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April.[106]
【参考译文】尼泊尔西部培克拉地区的航班于4月27日恢复。

图片题注：Damage in the Basantpur Durbar Square
参考译文：巴桑特普尔杜巴广场受损
图片作者：Nirjal stha 此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

图片题注：Building damage as a result of the earthquake
参考译文：地震造成的建筑物损坏
图片作者：Krish Dulal 此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses.[107][108]
【参考译文】加德满都谷地的几座教堂被摧毁。由于周六是尼泊尔基督教崇拜的主要日子，据报道有500人在教堂倒塌中丧生。

Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed,[29] as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[109][110][111][112] Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, previously damaged in an earlier quake, tilted several inches further. The northern side of Janaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged.[citation needed] Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two shrines located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed.[113][114]
【参考译文】加德满都杜巴广场上的几座寺庙倒塌，这里是联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录的地区，其中包括建于1832年的达哈拉塔楼。达哈拉塔楼倒塌导致至少180人丧生，而在果卡地区的玛纳卡玛纳寺庙，在此前的一次地震中已经受损，此次地震导致其倾斜了几英寸。加德满都帕坦的贾纳基庙北侧据报道遭到破坏。地震摧毁了几座寺庙，包括卡斯塔曼达普寺、潘奇塔勒寺、九层巴桑塔普尔杜巴楼的顶层、达沙阿瓦塔尔寺和位于湿婆帕尔瓦蒂寺后面的两座神庙。还有一些其他纪念碑，包括泰勒朱巴尼寺部分倒塌。

图片题注：Damaged building in Balaju area
参考译文：Balaju地区受损建筑物
图片作者：Manju Shakya(manto17) 此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed.[115]
【参考译文】在加德满都谷地之外，高沙拉的贾亚巴格瓦里寺庙的顶部以及帕苏帕提纳特寺、斯瓦扬布纳特、博达纳特塔、拉特纳曼德尔、拉尼波卡里内部和杜巴尔高中的部分建筑被摧毁。

In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Phasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed.[115]
【参考译文】在帕坦，查尔纳拉扬寺、约格纳伦德拉玛拉雕像、帕坦杜巴广场内的一个住宅区、泰勒朱寿寺、哈里山卡尔寺、乌玛麦瑟瓦寺和邦加玛蒂的玛琴德拉纳特寺都被摧毁。在特里普勒什瓦尔，卡勒莫昌加特寺，一座受到莫卧儿建筑启发的寺庙，完全被摧毁，附近的特里普拉顺达里也遭受了重大破坏。在巴克塔普尔，包括法西德瓦寺、查德哈姆寺和17世纪的瓦特萨拉杜尔加寺在内的几座纪念碑都被全或部分摧毁。

Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in Kabhrepalanchok District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[115] The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people.
【参考译文】在谷地之外，廓尔喀的马纳卡玛纳寺、廓尔喀杜巴尔、卡布赫里帕兰乔克区的帕兰乔克巴格瓦蒂寺、帕尔帕区的拉尼玛哈尔、马克万普尔区的丘里亚迈、多拉卡区的比姆森斯坦和努瓦科塔杜尔都遭受了不同程度的破坏。历史学家普鲁沙特姆·洛赞·施雷斯塔表示：“我们失去了加德满都、巴克塔普尔和拉利特普尔地区被指定为世界遗产地的大部分古迹。它们无法恢复到原始状态。”印度东北部也受到了重大破坏。奥特拉卡恩德邦、北方邦、西孟加拉邦等邦都感受到了强烈的震动，造成了财产和人民生命的巨大损失。

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3.4 经济损失 | Economic loss

图片题注：Road damage in Nepal
参考译文：尼泊尔的道路损毁
图片作者：Krish Dulal 此图片遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议

Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains.[116]
【参考译文】人们担心，受地震影响的人们在季风雨季来临之前只有很短的时间来种植庄稼，因此可能会导致本季的收成减少或全部丧失。

Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of US$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[117] is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[118] Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment.[118] The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 per cent. "It's too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal's GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a US$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to US$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[118]
【参考译文】尼泊尔是亚洲最贫穷的国家之一，2012年的估计总国内生产总值为199.21亿美元，自身几乎没有足够的能力来资助一场重大的重建工作。即使在地震发生之前，亚洲开发银行估计尼泊尔需要在2020年之前每年投资约四倍于目前基础设施方面的开支，以吸引投资。美国地质调查局最初估计地震造成的经济损失占国内生产总值的9%至50%，最好的估计为35%。亚洲开发银行（ADB）官员Hun Kim表示：“目前很难判断损失的程度以及对尼泊尔国内生产总值的影响。”ADB于28日表示将向尼泊尔提供300万美元的援助款项用于紧急救助工作，并提供多达2亿美元的资金用于第一阶段的重建工作。

Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado-based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could "easily exceed" US$5 billion.[118][119][failed verification]
【参考译文】一家总部位于科罗拉多的咨询公司的经济学家拉吉夫·比斯瓦斯表示，重建经济需要未来几年国际社会的共同努力，因为这可能会“很容易地”超过50亿美元。

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3.5 社会影响 | Social effects

It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake.[120] The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes.[121] In response to the unsafe conditions of the temporary campsites, international organizations implemented Safety Committees which were provided cash grants for necessities like additional toilets and bathrooms.[122]
【参考译文】据报道，幸存者遭到了参与向南亚妓院供应女孩和妇女的人口贩运者的捕食。这些人口贩运者利用了地震后的混乱局面。受影响最严重的是来自贫困社区且失去家园的妇女。由于临时营地的不安全条件，国际组织实施了安全委员会，为其提供现金补助以购买额外的厕所和浴室等必需品。

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3.6 最受影响的群体 | Most affected

Single women had very little access to relief, according to a report by the Inter-party Women's Alliance (IPWA). The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors have increased after the earthquake.[123] Additionally, the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people. Tibeto-Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys and are less educated and connected. All of these factors make them harder to access. According to a government survey, malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake, with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples.[124] Before the quake, 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated, according to the World Food Programme.[124]
【参考译文】根据跨党派妇女联盟（Inter-party Women's Alliance，IPWA）的一份报告，单身妇女几乎没有获得救助。该报告还发现，地震过后针对妇女和未成年人的暴力和qiang2 jian1事件有所增加。此外，地震显著影响了某些人群。藏缅族人民受到了最严重的打击，因为他们倾向于居住在山脉的较高坡地而不是中央山谷，并且教育水平较低，缺乏联系。所有这些因素使得他们更难获得救助。根据政府的一项调查，地震发生后大约3个月，儿童营养不良情况明显恶化，最严重的是塔曼人和切潘人。根据世界粮食计划署的数据，在地震发生前，五岁以下儿童中有41%的人存在发育迟缓问题，29%体重不足，11%消瘦。

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3.7 疾病 | Disease

Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize (there were sporadic reports), other outbreaks were reported. At least 13 people died of scrub typhus while 240 people were taken ill since the disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until September 2016.[125] The mental and emotional impact of an earthquake is the other invisible disaster.[126] Medical Doctors from India, Ramachandra Kamath, Edmond Fernandes and Prakash Narayan stated that elderly care in disaster was more important than women and child focused one for Nepal earthquake and absence of military support for medical aid providers impacted relief work.[127]
【参考译文】尽管担心的霍乱大规模爆发并未发生（有零星报道），但其他疫情确实发生了。自2015年8月该国首次确诊该疾病至2016年9月，至少有13人死于斑疹伤寒，240人患病。地震对心理和情绪的影响是另一种看不见的灾难。来自印度的医生Ramachandra Kamath、Edmond Fernandes和Prakash Narayan表示，在尼泊尔地震中，护理老年人比专注于妇女和儿童更为重要，而军队对医疗援助提供者的缺席影响了救援工作。

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