参见、参考文献、外部链接:津巴布韦 / Zimbabwe

本文为辽观整合的中英文词条的参见、参考文献、外部链接部分。

参见、参考文献、外部链接

Wikipedia; CathayVista

10/15/202427 min read

1. 相关资料

提示:本部分链接中有些指向无法从中国内地直接访问的站点。

1.1 维基百科的相关词条 | See also

1.2 延伸阅读 | Further reading

2. 英文词条参考文献

提示:本部分链接中有些指向无法从中国内地直接访问的站点。

2.1 引用列表 | Citations
  1. ^ "Zimbabwe". The Beaver County Times. 13 September 1981. Retrieved 2 November 2011.

  2. ^ Jump up to:a b c "The World Factbook – Zimbabwe". Central Intelligence Agency. 2 December 2021.

  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)" (PDF). Government of Zimbabwe. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2013 – via Kubatana.net.

  4. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Census 2012 National Report" (PDF). ZIMSTAT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2016.

  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Inter Censal Demography Survey 2017 Report" (PDF). Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency. 2017.

  6. ^ "Developments in English". International Association of University Professors of English Conference. Cambridge University Press. 31 October 2014. ISBN 9781107038509 – via Google Books.

  7. ^ "Zimbabwe Population Live". Retrieved 23 October 2023.

  8. ^ "2022 Population and Housing Census - Preliminary Report - Zimbabwe Data Portal". zimbabwe.opendataforafrica.org. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

  9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Zimbabwe)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.

  10. ^ "GINI Index". World Bank. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

  11. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24". United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.

  12. ^ "Zimbabwe introduces new currency as depreciation and rising inflation stoke economic turmoil". Associated Press News. 5 April 2024.

  13. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe adopts new inflation rate based on U.S. dollar, local currency". Reuters. Harare. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.

  14. ^ "Zimbabwe Time". Greenwich Mean Time. Greenwich 2000. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2017.

  15. ^ "UNFPA Zimbabwe | 2022 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results".

  16. ^ "Who built Great Zimbabwe? And why? - Breeanna Elliott". TED-Ed. Retrieved 13 March 2022.

  17. ^ "Zimbabwe 2015 Human Rights Report". United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2016.

  18. ^ "Zimbabwe – big house of stone". Somali Press. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2008.

  19. ^ Lafon, Michel (1994). "Shona Class 5 revisited: a case against *ri as Class 5 nominal prefix" (PDF). Zambezia. 21: 51–80.

  20. ^ Vale, Lawrence J. (1999). "Mediated monuments and national identity". Journal of Architecture. 4 (4): 391–408. doi:10.1080/136023699373774. ISSN 1360-2365.

  21. ^ Garlake, Peter (1973). Great Zimbabwe: New Aspects of Archaeology. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8128-1599-3.

  22. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fontein, Joost (September 2006). The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage (First ed.). London: University College London Press. pp. 119–20. ISBN 978-1844721238.

  23. ^ Jump up to:a b Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009). Do "Zimbabweans" Exist? Trajectories of Nationalism, National Identity Formation and Crisis in a Postcolonial State (First ed.). Bern: Peter Lang AG. pp. 113–14. ISBN 978-3-03911-941-7.

  24. ^ "What's in a Name? Welcome to the 'Republic of Machobana'". Read on. Harare: Training Aids Development Group: 40. 1991.

  25. ^ Jump up to:a b Mlambo, Alois S. (2013). "Becoming Zimbabwe or Becoming Zimbabwean: Identity, Nationalism and State-building". Africa Spectrum. 48 (1): 49–70. doi:10.1177/000203971304800103. hdl:2263/41913. ISSN 0002-0397. JSTOR 43941319. S2CID 127302759.

  26. ^ "From a kingdom to a nation: A Shona awakening". Trad Magazine. 29 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

  27. ^ "Zimbabwe - Cultural life | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 February 2022.

  28. ^ "Pre-colonial history of SA". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.

  29. ^ "Zimbabwe". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.

  30. ^ Jump up to:a b Hall, Martin; Stephen W. Silliman (2005). Historical Archaeology. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 241–44. ISBN 978-1-4051-0751-8.

  31. ^ Nelson, Harold (1983). Zimbabwe: A Country Study. The Studies. pp. 1–317.

  32. ^ Hensman, Howard (1901). Cecil Rhodes: A Study of a Career (reprint ed.). Creative Media Partners, LLC (published 2018). pp. 106–107. ISBN 9781376448528. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

  33. ^ Jump up to:a b c Parsons, pp. 178–81.

  34. ^ Bryce, James (2008). Impressions of South Africa. p. 170; ISBN 055430032X.

  35. ^ Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 20 October 1898, which includes at section 4 thereof: "The territory for the time being within the limits of this Order shall be known as Southern Rhodesia."

  36. ^ Gray, J. A. (1956). "A Country in Search of a Name". The Northern Rhodesia Journal. 3 (1): 78. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2007.

  37. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

  38. ^ Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof: "From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia."

  39. ^ Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 – Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923, being the date the Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council came into effect

  40. ^ Jump up to:a b Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia by Vera Gowlland-Debbas

  41. ^ Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645

  42. ^ Southern Rhodesia Constitution Letters Patent, 1923

  43. ^ Jump up to:a b Moorcraft, Paul (31 August 1990). "Rhodesia's War of Independence". History Today. 40 (9). [P]er head of (white) population Rhodesia had contributed more in both world wars than any other part of the empire, including the United Kingdom. ... There is little doubt now that after a few resignations here and there, the army, the Royal Navy and even the Royal Air Force (supposedly the most disaffected service) would have carried out any orders to subdue the first national treason against the Crown since the American War of Independence.

  44. ^ Machingaidze, Victor E.M. (1991). "Agrarian Change from above: The Southern Rhodesia Native Land Husbandry Act and African Response". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 24 (3): 557–588. doi:10.2307/219092. JSTOR 219092.

  45. ^ Parsons, p. 292.

  46. ^ Jump up to:a b Hastedt, Glenn P. (2004) Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Infobase Publishing, p. 537; ISBN 143810989X.

  47. ^ "On This Day". BBC News. 1 June 1979. Retrieved 14 December 2008.

  48. ^ Jump up to:a b Chung, Fay (2006). Re-living the Second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe, Preben (INT) Kaarsholm. p. 242; ISBN 9171065512.

  49. ^ Preston, Matthew (2004). Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. p. 25; ISBN 1850435790.

  50. ^ Lord Soames, "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe." International Affairs 56#3 (1980): 405–419. online

  51. ^ Zimbabwe, May 1980/Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Canberra: Government Printer, 1980. p. 122.

  52. ^ Waddy, Nicholas (2014). "The Strange Death of 'Zimbabwe-Rhodesia': The Question of British Recognition of the Muzorewa Regime in Rhodesian Public Opinion, 1979". South African Historical Journal. 66 (2): 227–248. doi:10.1080/02582473.2013.846935. S2CID 159650816.

  53. ^ George M. Houser. "Letter by George M. Houser, Executive Director of the American Committee on Africa (ACOA), on the 1980 independence election in Rhodesia". Retrieved 1 December 2007.

  54. ^ Smith, Ian (2008). Bitter Harvest. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. p. 367. ISBN 978-1-85782-604-3.

  55. ^ Godwin, Peter; Hancock, Ian (1995) [1993]. 'Rhodesians Never Die': The Impact of War and Political Change on White Rhodesia, c. 1970–1980. Harare: Baobab Books. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-908311-82-8.

  56. ^ Johnson, Boris (15 November 2017). "Robert Mugabe tarnished the jewel that is Zimbabwe. Now is its chance to shine again". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

  57. ^ Lessing, Doris (10 April 2003). "The Jewel of Africa". The New York Review of Books.

  58. ^ Chifera, Irwin (17 April 2015). "What Happened to Zimbabwe, Once Known as The Jewel of Africa?".

  59. ^ Nelson, Harold D., ed. (August 1982). "Zimbabwe: A country study" (PDF). Area Handbook Series. United States Government. p. xvii. Rev. ed. of: Area handbook for Southern Rhodesia. 1975

  60. ^ Davies, Hywel (1984). "Urban change in Zimbabwe". Africa Insight. 14 (3): 163.

  61. ^ Jump up to:a b Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). Against the Grain, Zebra, p. 134; ISBN 1770071121.

  62. ^ Jump up to:a b c Meredith, Martin (September 2007) [2002]. Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 62–73. ISBN 978-1-58648-558-0.

  63. ^ Jump up to:a b Hill, Geoff (2005) [2003]. The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-86872-652-3.

  64. ^ "Report on the 1980s disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe, March 1997 – Conclusion – FINAL ESTIMATE: The figure for the dead and missing is not less than 3000. This statement is now beyond reasonable doubt. Adding up the conservative suggestions made above, the figure is reasonably certainly 3750 dead. More than that it is still not possible to say, except to allow that the real figure for the dead could be possibly double 3000, or even higher. Only further research will resolve the issue" (PDF).

  65. ^ "Gukurahundi killed 80,000: Eddie Cross". Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.

  66. ^ Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe; Legal Resources Foundation (1 January 1997). "Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace" – via Internet Archive.

  67. ^ "Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland & the Midlands". Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe. March 1997. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

  68. ^ "Chronology of Zimbabwe". badley.info. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

  69. ^ "Timeline: Zimbabwe". BBC News. 15 October 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

  70. ^ "Zimbabwe: 1990 General Elections". EISA. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

  71. ^ Moyo, Jonathon N. "Voting for Democracy: A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe". University of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

  72. ^ "A Brief History of Zimbabwe". about.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008.

  73. ^ "Zimbabwe: ZANU PF hegemony and its breakdown (1990–1999)". EISA. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

  74. ^ "History of Zimbabwe". infoplease.com.

  75. ^ "History of HIV & AIDS in Africa". AVERT. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.

  76. ^ "Britain's troubles with Mugabe". BBC News. 3 April 2000.

  77. ^ Jump up to:a b "Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. (175 KB)

  78. ^ Polgreen, Lydia (20 July 2012). "In Zimbabwe Land Takeover, a Golden Lining". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

  79. ^ "Council Common Position renewing restrictive measures against Zimbabwe" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 26 January 2009.

  80. ^ "Zimbabwe Suspended Indefinitely from Commonwealth". Human Rights First. 8 December 2003. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007.

  81. ^ "Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe "terminated" its membership with effect from 7 December 2003". Thecommonwealth.org. 12 December 2003. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008.

  82. ^ "Text of S. 494 (107th): Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version)". GovTrack. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 29 December 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

  83. ^ "Searching for fuel and other tales from Zimbabwe". 1 October 2003.

  84. ^ "Zimbabwe destruction: One man's story". BBC. 30 August 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2008.

  85. ^ "Driving out the filth in Zimbabwe". 31 January 2007.

  86. ^ "Zimbabwe: Housing policy built on foundation of failures and lies – Amnesty International". 9 August 2006. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2013.

  87. ^ Kenneth Ingham; Clyde William Sanger; Kenneth Bradley. "Zimbabwe - 2008 elections and aftermath | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.

  88. ^ "Mugabe wants sanctions removed". United Press International. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

  89. ^ Jacobson, Celean (24 November 2008). "Carter warns situation appears dire in Zimbabwe". Fox News. Associated Press.

  90. ^ Ndlovu, Nompilo (2009). A case study of Non-Governmental Organisations' (NGOS) responses to food insecurity in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (MSocSc). University of Cape Town. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.

  91. ^ Booysen, Susan (4 March 2011). Changing Perceptions in Zimbabwe – Nationwide Survey of the Political Climate in Zimbabwe November 2010 – January 2011 (PDF) (Report). Freedom House. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

  92. ^ OCHA in 2012–2013: Plan and Budget: Zimbabwe (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

  93. ^ Dzirutwe, MacDonald. "Zimbabweans start voting to adopt new constitution". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.

  94. ^ Jump up to:a b "Bailing out bandits". The Economist. Vol. 420, no. 8997. 9 July 2016. pp. 43–44. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 8 July 2016.

  95. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Fletcher, Martin (7 February 2017). "Out of House and Home". The Telegraph (Telegraph Magazine ed.). p. 39.

  96. ^ "Zimbabwe election: A guide to rigging allegations". BBC News. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2016.

  97. ^ "As the House Burns, Whither the Zimbabwean Opposition? – By Nicole Beardsworth". 23 April 2015.

  98. ^ Matyszak, Derek (20 September 2017). "Zimbabwe's shady police roadblocks reflect its failing governance – ISS Africa". ISS Africa. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

  99. ^ "Zimbabwe 'shut down' over economic collapse". BBC News. Retrieved 7 July 2016.

  100. ^ Raath, Jan; Graham, Stuart (25 July 2016). "Mugabe at war with militias that keep him in power". The Times. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

  101. ^ McKenzie, David; Swails, Brent; Dewan, Angela. "Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup". CNN. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

  102. ^ "Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control". The Guardian. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

  103. ^ "Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader". BBC News. 19 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.

  104. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe's President Mugabe 'resigns'". BBC News. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.

  105. ^ Gondo, Talent. "BREAKING- Record 23 Presidential Candidates For Zimbabwe's July 30 Polls". zimeye.net. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

  106. ^ Mabhena, Charles (2 August 2018). "BREAKING NEWS: Emerson Mnangagwa wins Zimbabwe Presidential Elections 2018, ZEC". ZWNews. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

  107. ^ Bruce Mutsvairo; Cleophas T. Muneri (29 November 2019). Journalism, Democracy, and Human Rights in Zimbabwe. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-1-4985-9977-1. OCLC 1128426040.

  108. ^ "Zimbabwe's Chamisa challenges election result". TRTWORLD. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.

  109. ^ "Zim ConCourt dismisses MDC's challenge, confirms Mnangagwa winner – SABC News – Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader". www.sabcnews.com. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

  110. ^ "Top Zimbabwe court confirms Mnangagwa's presidential election victory". Reuters. 25 August 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

  111. ^ "The costs of the Robert Mugabe era". newzimbabwe.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

  112. ^ Mark Chingono and Bukola Adebayo (7 August 2019). "Millions in Zimbabwe facing starvation after severe droughts, UN food agency says". CNN. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

  113. ^ "Canada and others debate Zimbabwe's bid to rejoin Commonwealth". The Globe and Mail. 7 February 2023. p. A4.

  114. ^ "Zimbabwe's President Mnangagwa wins second term, opposition rejects result". Al Jazeera.

  115. ^ Patrick Greenfield (30 November 2023). "The new 'scramble for Africa': how a UAE sheikh quietly made carbon deals for forests bigger than UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 July 2024.

  116. ^ "Inyangani, Zimbabwe". Peakbagger. Retrieved 23 August 2020.

  117. ^ Helicon, ed. (2018). The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide – via Credo Reference.

  118. ^ "Victoria Falls". Victoria Falls Tourism. 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.

  119. ^ Moore, A E; et al. (2009). "Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting" (PDF). Geological Society of South Africa. 112 (1): 65. Bibcode:2009SAJG..112...65M. doi:10.2113/gssajg.112.1.65.

  120. ^ "At least 55 elephants die in Zimbabwe drought". 21 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.

  121. ^ Jump up to:a b Baughan, M. (2005). Continent in the Balance: Zimbabwe-Juvenile literature. Philadelphia, PA: Mason Crest Publishers; ISBN 1590848101.

  122. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.

  123. ^ Chipika, J; Kowero, G. (2000). "Deforestation of woodlands in communal areas of Zimbabwe: is it due to agricultural policies?". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 79 (2–3): 175. Bibcode:2000AgEE...79..175C. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00156-5.

  124. ^ "Chaos as tobacco sales start". NewsdezeZimbabwe. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2015.

  125. ^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

  126. ^ "Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 17) Act, 2005". kubatana.net. NGO Network Alliance Project. 16 September 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.

  127. ^ "Tekere says Mugabe 'insecure' in new book". Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008.

  128. ^ Mugabe, Robert. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite, Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

  129. ^ Jump up to:a b Frankel, Matthew (26 May 2010). "Myanmar boycott is misguided". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021.

  130. ^ Zimbabwe: Election Fraud Report, 04/18/05. University of Pennsylvania, 18 April 2005.

  131. ^ "Mugabe's former ally accuses him of foul play", Independent Online Zimbabwe, 12 March 2005.

  132. ^ Makgetlaneng, Sehlare. "ZIMBABWE'S 2005 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS: Lessons for the Movement for Democratic Change" (PDF). Africa Institute of South Africa: 124.

  133. ^ Jump up to:a b Latham, Brian (4 March 2002). "Contrast in styles as contenders hold rallies in Harare townships". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013.

  134. ^ "Mugabe critics predict fraud in Zimbabwe elections". CNN. 28 March 2008.

  135. ^ "Zimbabwe stands 'on a precipice'". BBC News. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  136. ^ "Mugabe rival quits election race". BBC News. 22 June 2008.

  137. ^ "Zimbabwe's MDC factions reunite". Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2009., SABC News, 28 April 2008.

  138. ^ Jump up to:a b "Opposition reunites in Zimbabwe". BBC News. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  139. ^ Services, Msnbc com News (11 February 2009). "Tsvangirai sworn in as Zimbabwe's PM". msnbc.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.

  140. ^ "Tsvangirai sworn in as Zimbabwe PM - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.

  141. ^ Dugger, Celia W. (3 November 2008). "Aid Group Says Zimbabwe Misused $7.3 Million". The New York Times.

  142. ^ Shiangala, Mike (31 July 2020). "Zimbabwe to allegedly shutdown the Internet on 31st July". Smatt Geeks Media. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.

  143. ^ "Zimbabwe and Uganda leaders meet with Russian President Putin". Africanews. 28 July 2023.

  144. ^ "Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence". Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2007.

  145. ^ "Zimbabwe Defence Forces News". ZDF News. Retrieved 17 April 2009.

  146. ^ Chari, Freeman Forward (24 December 2007). "MILITARISATION OF ZIMBABWE: Does the opposition stand a chance?". zimbabwejournalists.com. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008.

  147. ^ Godwin, Peter (1996). Mukiwa – A White Boy in Africa. London, UK: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-67150-4.

  148. ^ "Ministry of Defence, Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007.

  149. ^ "5th Brigade gets new commander". Zimbabwe Defence Forces News. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2009.

  150. ^ "Police baton charge Harare protesters". ABC News. 3 December 2008.

  151. ^ Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (24 November 2010). "Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect". Human Rights Quarterly. 32 (4): 898–920. doi:10.1353/hrq.2010.0030. ISSN 1085-794X. S2CID 143046672.

  152. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.

  153. ^ "Zimbabwe – Events of 2006". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.

  154. ^ Howard-Hassmann 2010, p. 909

  155. ^ "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2018.

  156. ^ "BBC News – Africa – Zimbabwe gay rights face dim future". news.bbc.co.uk.

  157. ^ Whitaker, Raymond (22 June 2008). "Zimbabwe election violence spreads to Harare". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 7 December 2008.

  158. ^ "Unbowed Tsvangirai urges defiance". BBC. 14 March 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.

  159. ^ Zimbabwe Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers Press Reference, 2006.

  160. ^ "Zimbabwe newspaper bombed". BBC News. 28 January 2001. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  161. ^ Wines, Michael (7 February 2004). "Zimbabwe: Newspaper Silenced". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  162. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe lifts reporting ban on BBC and CNN", The Daily Telegraph, 30 July 2009.

  163. ^ Nkosi, Milton (1 April 2005). "Why did Zimbabwe ban the BBC?". BBC News. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  164. ^ "Al Jazeera kicked out of Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 23 June 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2016., zimbabwemetro.com, 22 June 2008.

  165. ^ "Zimbabwe: COVID-19 must not be used to stifle freedoms, says UN rights office". UN News. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

  166. ^ "#ZimbabweanLivesMatter: celebrities join campaign against human rights abuses". The Guardian. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

  167. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe" (PDF). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.

  168. ^ "Provincial Councils and Administration Act (Chapter 29:11)" (PDF). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2008.

  169. ^ "Rural District Councils Act (Chapter 29:13)" (PDF). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2008.

  170. ^ "Traditional Leaders Act (Chapter 29:17)" (PDF). Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2008.

  171. ^ Ndakaripa, Musiwaro (3 April 2021). "Zimbabwe's Economic Meltdown: Are Sanctions Really to Blame?". The Washington Quarterly. 44 (2): 95–120. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2021.1934997. ISSN 0163-660X. S2CID 235465633.

  172. ^ "Zimbabwe: Background". www.everycrsreport.com. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

  173. ^ "Cyclones Idai and Kenneth". OCHA. 18 March 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

  174. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe". EU Sanctions. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

  175. ^ "Zimbabwe-South Africa economic relations since 2000". Africa News. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2007. Zimbabwe remains South Africa's most important trading partner in Africa.

  176. ^ "Zimbabwe Economy: Facts, Data, & Analysis on Economic Freedom". Heritage.org. 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  177. ^ "Country Profile – Zimbabwe". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2007. Since the country is well endowed with natural resources such as minerals, arable land and wildlife, many opportunities lie in resource-based activities such as mining, agriculture and tourism and their downstream industrial activities.

  178. ^ Wadhams, Nick (1 August 2007). "Zimbabwe's Wildlife Decimated by Economic Crisis". Nairobi: National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.

  179. ^ Zimbabwe Ranked Fastest growing Internet Market Archived 25 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Biztechafrica.com (10 August 2011); retrieved 4 July 2013.

  180. ^ Why ICT is critical in 'illiterate' Africa|BiztechAfrica Business, Telecom, Technology & IT News Africa. Biztechafrica.com (3 December 2012); retrieved 4 July 2013.

  181. ^ "Zimbabwe Democracy And Economic Recovery Act of 2001 at Govtrack.us News". 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

  182. ^ Boucher, Richard (2 March 2004). "Zimbabwe: Sanctions Enhancement" (Press release). United States Department of State.

  183. ^ Richardson, Craig J. "The loss of property rights and the collapse of Zimbabwe" (PDF). Cato Journal. 25: 541–565. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010.

  184. ^ "Organised Violence and Torture in Zimbabwe in 1999". Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2007.

  185. ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Book of Records 2014. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 123. ISBN 9781908843159.

  186. ^ "Zimbabwe President Mugabe labels white farmers 'enemies'". CNN.com. Harare, Zimbabwe. 18 April 2000. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2007.

  187. ^ Robinson, Simon (18 February 2002). "A Tale of Two Countries", Time; accessed 4 May 2016.

  188. ^ "White farmers under siege in Zimbabwe". BBC News. 15 August 2002. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  189. ^ Mugabe Interview: The Full Transcript, News.sky.com (24 May 2004); retrieved 4 July 2013.

  190. ^ Clemens, Michael; Moss, Todd (20 July 2005). Costs and Causes of Zimbabwe's Crisis (Report). Center for Global Development. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  191. ^ Meldrum, Andrew (21 May 2005). "As country heads for disaster, Zimbabwe calls for return of white farmers". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  192. ^ Timberg, Craig (6 January 2007). "White Farmers Given Leases in Zimbabwe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  193. ^ "Zimbabwe threatens white farmers". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 5 February 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  194. ^ Chinaka, Cris (8 August 2007). "Zimbabwe threatens white farmers on evictions". Reuters. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  195. ^ "How to stay alive when it all runs out". The Economist. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  196. ^ "Zimbabwe inflation hits 11,200,000 percent". CNN. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2016.

  197. ^ "Zimbabwe to print first $100 trillion note". CNN. 16 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2019.

  198. ^ "Zimbabwe abandons its currency". BBC News. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  199. ^ "Zimbabwe Suspends Use of Own Currency". VOA News. 12 April 2009.

  200. ^ Giokos, Eleni (29 February 2016). "This country has nine currencies". CNNMoney. Retrieved 8 January 2017.

  201. ^ Staff Reporter (20 February 2019). "RBZ introduces 'RTGS Dollars'". The Zimbabwe Mail. Retrieved 20 May 2019.

  202. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Zimbabwe Overview". The World Bank. World Bank Group. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.

  203. ^ "Zimbabwe economy buoyant, more reform needed: IMF". Reuters. 8 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010.

  204. ^ "Zimbabwe economy growing: IMF". talkzimbabwe.co. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010.

  205. ^ "IMARA: Global investors get upbeat briefing on Zim prospects" (Press release). IMARA. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  206. ^ Nyathi, Kitsepile (30 January 2013). "Zimbabwe has only $217 in the bank, says finance minister". AfricaReview.com. Nation Media Group. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019.

  207. ^ Chitiyo, Knox; Vines, Alex; Vandome, Christopher (September 2016). "The Domestic and External Implications of Zimbabwe's Economic Reform and Re-engagement Agenda". Chatham House. Royal Institute for International Affairs. Retrieved 8 January 2017.

  208. ^ Marima, Tendai (19 August 2019). "In Zimbabwe, An Economic Crisis With 175% Inflation Drives Discontent". NPR.org. Retrieved 20 August 2019.

  209. ^ Jump up to:a b c Madslien, Jorn (14 April 2008). "No quick fix for Zimbabwe's economy". BBC. Retrieved 19 December 2008.

  210. ^ Dube, Jennifer (3 April 2011). "Zimplats ignores seizure threat". The Standard. Harare, Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.

  211. ^ "Diamond company in trouble with Harare MPs", Independent Online, South Africa, 2 February 2010.

  212. ^ "Diamonds in the rough, report by Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  213. ^ "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production" Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Kitco, 20 August 2013.

  214. ^ "Zimbabwe diamond exports fell 34 pct in 2014: official". Reuters. 14 May 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2019.

  215. ^ Marawanyika, Godfrey, Biggest Zimbabwe Gold Miner to Rule on London Trade by March, Bloomberg News, 17 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.

  216. ^ Mumera, Wisdom (9 January 2016). "Zimbabwe's Coffee Production Declines". newsofhesouth.com.

  217. ^ "|| ICRISAT || Impact". www.icrisat.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

  218. ^ Conservation agriculture and microdosing in Zimbabwe, WRENmedia, January 2013

  219. ^ University, Wageningen; form, Research Contact (23 October 2015). "Agronomic and environmental studies of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and analysis of its value chain in Zimbabwe". WUR. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2020.

  220. ^ "Zimbabwe 2018 tourist arrivals peak 2,6 million". The Sunday News. 17 March 2019.

  221. ^ "Travel and tourism: Economic impact 2017 Zimbabwe" (PDF). WTTC. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2017.

  222. ^ Machipisa, Lewis (14 March 2001). "Sun sets on Zimbabwe tourism". BBC News. Retrieved 16 November 2007.

  223. ^ Berger, Sebastien (29 October 2007). "British Airways abandons flights to Zimbabwe". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. Archived from the original on 30 November 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007.

  224. ^ Sibanda, Tichaona (23 February 2012). "Zimbabwe: Air Zimbabwe Vanishes From the Skies Indefinitely". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  225. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe geography, maps, climate, environment and terrain from Zimbabwe | - CountryReports". www.countryreports.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.

  226. ^ "Zimbabwe Tourism Authority". zimbabwetourism.net. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2007.

  227. ^ "Zimbabwe: The Spirit of Matobo". zimbabwe.safari.co.za. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.

  228. ^ "Exposure Data by Country". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.

  229. ^ Jump up to:a b "Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe, Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and beyond" (PDF). wsp.org. AMCOW (collaboratively published report). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2016.

  230. ^ Troubled Water: Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe's Capital (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62313-0800. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2014.

  231. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Schneegans, Susan, eds. (2014). Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. Volume 2. GO–SPIN Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation. ISBN 978-92-3-100034-8.

  232. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 535–555. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1.

  233. ^ WIPO (2022). Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition. World Intellectual Property Organization. doi:10.34667/tind.46596. ISBN 978-92-805-3432-0. Retrieved 30 October 2023. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

  234. ^ "Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

  235. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

  236. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.

  237. ^ "Ethnicity and Race by Countries". Infoplease. 21 May 2020.

  238. ^ Wiley, David and Isaacman, Allen F. (1981). Southern Africa: society, economy, and liberation. Michigan State University, University of Minnesota. p. 55

  239. ^ Quarterly Digest Of Statistics, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office, 1999.

  240. ^ "Business Zimbabwe's land reform: Zambia's gain, a cautionary tale for South Africa?". Deutsche Welle. 16 January 2019.

  241. ^ "Zimbabwe's white farmers start anew in Mozambique". Al-Jazeera. 28 October 2015.

  242. ^ Quarterly Digest of Statistics, 1998, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office.

  243. ^ "Zimbabwe Cities by Population 2022".

  244. ^ "Zimbabwe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2016., gapadventures.com; accessed 4 May 2016.

  245. ^ Williams, Angela A. (April 1998). "Mother Tongue: Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo". The Journal of African Travel-Writing (4): 36–44. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018.

  246. ^ Martins, Margarida (12 March 2019). "Português em África" [Portuguese in Africa]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Portugal.

  247. ^ "Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário no Zimbabué". SAPO 24 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 July 2020.

  248. ^ "Zimbabwe: Português vai ser introduzido no ensino secundário do país - África - Angola Press - ANGOP". www.angop.ao (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

  249. ^ "Table: Religious Composition by Country" (PDF). pewforum.org. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016.

  250. ^ "Zimbabwe – International Religious Freedom Report 2005". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 3 December 2007. An estimated 1% of the total population is Muslim.

  251. ^ MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.

  252. ^ Chitando, Ezra (2021). Innovation and Competition in Zimbabwean Pentecostalism. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-3501-7601-0.

  253. ^ "Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2008.

  254. ^ Shoko, Tabona (2007). Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-754-65881-8.

  255. ^ Moyo, Method (2020). Traditional Religion and Its Impact on the Practices of Apostolic and Zionist Churches in Zimbabwe. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-346-21835-3.

  256. ^ Davies, R. and Sanders, D. (1998). "Adjustment policies and the welfare of children: Zimbabwe, 1980–1985". In: Cornia, G.A., Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. (eds.) Adjustment with a human face, Vol. II: country case studies. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 272–99; ISBN 0198286112.

  257. ^ Dugbatey, K. (1999). "National health policies: sub-Saharan African case studies (1980–1990)". Soc. Sci. Med. 49 (2): 223–239. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00110-0. PMID 10414831.

  258. ^ Marquette, C.M. (1997). "Current poverty, structural adjustment, and drought in Zimbabwe". World Development. 25 (7): 1141–1149. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00019-3.

  259. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe in 10 numbers". BBC News. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.

  260. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division". Retrieved 7 December 2008.

  261. ^ "Zimbabwe Profile based on the 2002 Population Census" (PDF). ZIMSTAT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015.

  262. ^ "Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005–06" (PDF). ZIMSTAT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.

  263. ^ "The State of the World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 1 June 2016.

  264. ^ Thornycroft, Peta (10 April 2006). "In Zimbabwe, life ends before 40". The Sydney Morning Herald. Harare. Retrieved 10 April 2006.

  265. ^ "Zimbabwe". UNAIDS. Retrieved 16 January 2011.

  266. ^ "HIV Prevalence Rates Fall in Zimbabwe". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2007.

  267. ^ Hungwe, Brian (7 November 2008). "The death throes of Harare's hospitals". BBC. Retrieved 3 December 2008.

  268. ^ "Zimbabwe: coping with the cholera outbreak". 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2008.

  269. ^ "Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500". BBC. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2008.

  270. ^ "PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action". BBC News. 6 December 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  271. ^ "Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe", The Times, 5 December 2008.

  272. ^ "Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera". Reuters. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.

  273. ^ "Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency". Agence France-Presse. 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2008.

  274. ^ On the cholera frontline. IRIN. 9 March 2009

  275. ^ "Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain". Reuters. 30 November 2008. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.

  276. ^ "Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate: Zimbabwe No. 1". The African Economist.

  277. ^ "Zimbabwe: Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all". irinnews.org. Epworth, Zimbabwe: OCHA. 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011.

  278. ^ Nyathi, Kitsepile (14 July 2010). "Zimbabwe: Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race". AllAfrica.com.

  279. ^ Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011/12 Report (Report). Zimstat. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013.

  280. ^ Nkepile Mabuse (28 September 2009). "Zimbabwe schools begin fightback". CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2009.

  281. ^ "BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe's schools". BBC News. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2007.

  282. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe US Embassy". Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.

  283. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Gender Equality | UN in Zimbabwe". www.zw.one.un.org. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.

  284. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Effective law and policy on gender equality and protection from sexual and gender-based violence in disasters – Zimbabwe". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.

  285. ^ "7. Women's Empowerment, Gender Equality and Equity | UN in Zimbabwe". www.zw.one.un.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.

  286. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Manyonganise, Molly (2015). "Oppressive and liberative: A Zimbabwean woman's reflections on ubuntu". Verbum et Ecclesia. 36 (2): 1–7. doi:10.4102/VE.V36I2.1438. ISSN 2074-7705.

  287. ^ Chabaya, O.; Rembe, S.; Wadesango, N. (1 January 2009). "The persistence of gender inequality in Zimbabwe: factors that impede the advancement of women into leadership positions in primary schools". South African Journal of Education. 29 (2): 235–251. doi:10.15700/saje.v29n2a259. ISSN 2076-3433.

  288. ^ "Zimbabwe". www.unaids.org. Retrieved 4 December 2018.

  289. ^ Berliner, Paul (June 1993). The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226043791. zimbabwe shona.

  290. ^ Owomoyela, Oyekan (2002). Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-31583-1.

  291. ^ "Zimbabwe Celebrates 25 years of Independence". Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Archived from the original on 10 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2008.

  292. ^ "Art of Zimbabwe: Shona Sculpture - The Sculpture Park". Default Store View. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

  293. ^ "Charles Mungoshi". Zimbabwe – Poetry International Web. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.

  294. ^ "Tribute to Cathy Buckle". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2007.

  295. ^ "Book awards: Guardian Fiction Prize", Library Thing.

  296. ^ Guardian first book award 2013 (15 November 2013). "We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

  297. ^ Ladipo Manyika, Sarah (23 March 2022). "Glory by NoViolet Bulawayo review – a Zimbabwean Animal Farm". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2023.

  298. ^ "Cultural Origins of art". Archived from the original on 1 October 2000. Retrieved 6 January 2008.

  299. ^ "African theatre – Southern and South Africa | art". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

  300. ^ "Sadza ne Nyama: A Shona Staple Dish". Zambuko.com. Retrieved 3 November 2007.

  301. ^ Stephanie Hanes (20 September 2006). "Biltong: much more than just a snack". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 3 October 2006.

  302. ^ "Zimbabwean Twist: Cooking Traditional South African Farmers' Boerewors | culinary creationss". culinarycreationss.com. Retrieved 21 June 2024.

  303. ^ "Eating Practices". Country Study Zimbabwe. Retrieved 21 June 2024.

  304. ^ "Rice with peanut butter Recipe by privie". Cookpad. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2024.

  305. ^ Alao, Abiodun; Tofa, Moses (2015). "Zimbabwe". In Falola, Toyin; Jean-Jacques, Daniel (eds.). Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1305–1326. ISBN 978-1598846652.

  306. ^ "Men's Ranking". www.fifa.com. Retrieved 23 July 2022.[dead link]

  307. ^ worldrugby.org. "World Rugby".

  308. ^ VOA News (2 July 2023). "Black Cricket's Spiritual Home in Zimbabwe Becomes International Venue for Game".

  309. ^ "2004 Olympic Games swimming results". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2007.

  310. ^ "Montreal 2005 Results". Archived from the original on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.

  311. ^ "12th FINA World Championships". Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.

  312. ^ Gold, Jack Of (29 May 2012). "Africa punching above it's [sic] weight in golf". Free TV 4 Africa. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  313. ^ "From Zimbabwe to Hull FC: Masimbaashe Matongo's 'dream' journey is just beginning". Hull Daily Mail. 17 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2017.

  314. ^ "Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England". Zimbabwe Today. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.

  315. ^ "South Africa's Marinos appointed new SANZAR CEO – Super Rugby – Super 18 Rugby and Rugby Championship News, Results and Fixtures from Super XV Rugby". 23 November 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.

  316. ^ "The making of Samson Muripo | The Standard". 22 October 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2021.

  317. ^ "Supreme Court strikes down repressive media legislation". Committee to Protect Journalist. 7 May 2003.

  318. ^ Williams, Jon (29 July 2009). "Resuming operations in Zimbabwe". BBC.

  319. ^ Banya, Nelson (26 May 2010). "Zimbabwe licenses new private newspapers". Reuters.

  320. ^ "independent dailies allowed to resume publishing", International Freedom of Expression Exchange, 28 May 2010.

  321. ^ Chinaka, Cris (4 June 2010). "Zimbabwe gets first private daily newspaper in years". Reuters.

  322. ^ "Finally, Zimbabwe's 'private' radio station goes on air". zimeye.org. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014.

  323. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index". Reports Without Borders. Retrieved 24 February 2022.

  324. ^ Ruzengwe, Blessing (17 March 2005) "The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga", The London Globe via Metrovox.

  325. ^ "Freedom House 2007 Map of Press Freedom: Zimbabwe". Freedomhouse.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  326. ^ Huffman, Thomas N. (1985). "The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe". African Arts. 18 (3): 68–73, 99–100. doi:10.2307/3336358. JSTOR 3336358.

  327. ^ Sinclair, Paul (2001). "Review: The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga". The South African Archaeological Bulletin. 56 (173/174): 105–106. doi:10.2307/3889033. JSTOR 3889033.

  328. ^ Landow, George P. "Great Zimbabwe". Brown University. Archived from the original on 9 August 2007.

  329. ^ "Balancing Rocks". Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2007.

  330. ^ Jump up to:a b "Zimbabwe | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 May 2020.

2.2 来源文献 | Sources

3. 中文词条参考文献

提示:本部分链接中有些指向无法从中国内地直接访问的站点。

  1. 参考文献

    [编辑]

    1. ^ Zimbabwe. GeoHiv. [2016-08-31]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-17).

    2. ^ 跳转到:2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Zimbabwe. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-26) (英语).

    3. ^ GINI Index. World Bank. [16 June 2021].

    4. ^ Human Development Report 2023/24. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024 [22 March 2023]. (原始内容存档于19 March 2024) (英语).

    5. ^ 津巴布韦概况 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2008-08-25.,新华社

    6. ^ “津巴布韦历史简述”页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),非洲商务网,2006年2月23日

    7. ^ 非洲地區面臨飢荒急需糧援. BBC中文网. 2002-10-14 [2018-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09).

    8. ^ South Africa farm seizures 'could become next ZIMBABWE', warns expert. express.co.uk. 2018-08-21 [2018-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-21).

    9. ^ 美国中央情报局报告. [2008-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-01).

    10. ^ ŌAFPBB News页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

    11. ^ 津巴布韦发行面额100亿钞票创下世界之最. [2008-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-10).

    12. ^ Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe $100,000,000,000 Special Agro Cheque页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Garrysue.net

    13. ^ 津巴布韦政府宣布暂停使用本国货币页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 2009-04-12 BBC中文网

    14. ^ 跳转到:14.0 14.1 辛巴威國幣 停止流通. 中国时报. 2015-06-13 [2019-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09).

    15. ^ 津巴布韦:明年初将用人民币作流通货币页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

    16. ^ Zimbabwe says China to cancel $40 mln debt, increase yuan use页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆(英文)

    17. ^ Zimbabwe’s founding leader Robert Mugabe dead at 95: sources. [2019年9月6日]. (原始内容存档于2019年10月14日) (英语).

    18. ^ 津巴布韋介紹(CIA World Fact Book). [2008-04-20]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-01).

    19. ^ Zimbabwe. citypopulation.de. [28 February 2022]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-06).

    20. ^ 津巴布韦储备银行的2008上半年金融政策报告 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2008-08-19.(英文)

    21. ^ 津巴布韦通货膨胀率已达100500%页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),环球网,2008年3月7日

    22. ^ 欧美缘何制裁津巴布韦 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2008-05-27.,新华网,2002年3月5日。

    23. ^ 津巴布韦当前的人道主义局势页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)(英语)。

    24. ^ Mangudya, John. Monetary Policy Statement (PDF). Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Harare. 20 February 2019 [18 January 2023]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于6 May 2019) (en-zw).

    25. ^ Zimbabwe introduces new gold-backed currency to tackle inflation. Al Jazeera. 2024-04-05 [2024-04-06]. (原始内容存档于2024-04-08) (英语).

    26. ^ Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate: Zimbabwe No. 1. The African Economist. [2015-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-16).

    27. ^ "Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all" 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2011-05-11., IRIN, 23 July 2010

    28. ^ "Zimbabwe: Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), AllAfrica.com, 14 July 2010

    29. ^ Public Holidays and Prohibition of Business Act